Ukuhlanganiswa: amaqhinga angama-44 amahle kwiLinux

Eli nqaku lijolise kubo bobabini abo "bebetheka" ngeLinux okwethutyana, kodwa basenamathandabuzo okanye iingxaki ngeqonga leepenguin, kunye nakwabo batsha ekufundeni izinto ezintsha zokwenza kwi-GNU / Linux yabo. ulwabiwo Ndibenzele olu luhlu lwe olona qhinga kunye neyona isebenzayo.

Njengoko uyazi, * iinkqubo zokusebenza ze-nix zisebenzisa kakhulu i-console imiyaleloNangona ujongano lwangoku lwegraphical luvele kwaye luya lubangcono kwaye lusasazeka ngokubanzi, ezi nkqubo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwikhonsoli ngokusebenza kwazo kunye namandla. Kulungile ukuba eli lifa lisuka mandulo alilahleki, kuba yiyo kanye into ebangela buthathaka ezinye iinkqubo.

Le yimeko yeApple Mac OS X, apho i-GUI izinikele kakhulu kwaye nezixhobo kuyo Isiphelo. Oku kuye kwathetha ukuba i-OS X ayisosistim esisebenzayo nesinamandla sokusebenza xa kufikwa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile (umz.

Ewe, njengoko ukwenza imisebenzi kwimowudi yemizobo kulula, siza kugxila ikakhulu kumaqhinga kwikhonsoli kwaye sinike uthotho lwe iingcebiso ukwenza imisebenzi ebonakalayo, yemihla ngemihla evela kwikhonsoli. Nangona kuya kubakho ezinye izimvo ezifanelekileyo kwezinye izixhobo zomzobo.

Lungiselela amava akho nge-bash shell:

Ikhonkco leLinux ngokugqwesa, ukutshatyalaliswa, kuyamangalisa ukusebenza nayo, nangona uninzi lukufumanisa kunzima ukusebenza kwimowudi yokubhaliweyo. Ukuyiqonda ngcono kwaye usebenze ngokulula ngakumbi, siya kukufundisa la maqhinga okuqhuba aya kwenza ubomi bakho kunye nokusebenza kwakho kube lula. Imiyalelo yeLinux kubalulekile ukufumana okuninzi kwisiphelo sakho:

• Umyalelo wokugqitywa ngokuzenzekelayoUkwenza i-console igcwalise ngokuzenzekelayo igama lomyalelo okanye lefayile / igama lesikhombisi ngokuchwetheza nje oonobumba bokuqala, ungasebenzisa isitshixo seTab. Ilula, thayipha oonobumba bokuqala bomyalelo okanye idilesi kwaye ucinezele i-Tab ukugcwalisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwimeko apho kukho amagama aliqela ahambelana noonobumba ababhaliweyo, ungaqhubeka ucinezela i-Tab ukubonisa amanye amathuba okanye uqhubeke ubhale iileta ezininzi.
• Imbali yolawulo: Ukuba uthandabuza is syntax yomyalelo owusebenzisileyo kutshanje okanye ufuna nje ukuwubuyisa ukunqanda ukuthayipha kwakhona, ungasebenzisa imbali yomyalelo egcinwa nguBash (kwi ~ / .bash_history). Ukwenza oku kuya kufuneka ubhale "imbali" ngaphandle kwezicatshulwa kwaye ucinezele ENTER. Olunye ukhetho lokuxhaphaza ukulunga kwembali kukusebenzisa izitshixo ezinyukayo nezisihla ukuze "uzulazule" kwimbali yomyalelo kwaye wenze imiyalelo egciniweyo ivele phambi kwempembelelo yangoku. Unokusebenzisa indibaniselwano yesitshixo Ctrl + P kunye Ctrl + N ukwenza lo msebenzi.
• Khangela imiyalelo esele isetyenzisiwe: Ndiyabulela kwimbali esiyifundileyo kumhlathi odlulileyo, unokukhangela imiyalelo esetyenziswe ngaphambili. Sebenzisa nje i-Ctrl + R ukukhangela ngasemva okanye iCtrl + S ukukhangela phambili. Le ndlela indibaniselwano yembali yomyalelo kunye nembali yokugqitywa, ke kuya kufuneka sibhale oonobumba bokuqala bomyalelo esifuna ukuwubuyisa.
• Cima imbali: Ukuba sifuna ukucima imbali ukuze omnye umsebenzisi kwiqela lethu angabinakho ukufikelela kwimiyalelo esiyisebenzisileyo okanye ngokulula ukucima ifayile esele igcwele yimiyalelo ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakhulu i-terminal, ungasebenzisa "history -c "ngaphandle kwezicatshulwa kwaye imbali yethu iyacaciswa (kumsebenzisi wangoku). Endaweni yoko, ukuba ufuna ukucima imbali ngokupheleleyo, ungasebenzisa:

cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history

• Guqula okanye ulungise imigca esele ibhaliwe: Ukuba sikhangele umgca wembali okanye sisebenzise ukugqibezela ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa sifuna ukuvuselela umgca wolunye usetyenziso okanye ngokulula is syntax ayonelanga, sinokusebenzisa iCtrl + A kunye neCtrl + E ukuhambisa isikhombisi ekuqaleni komgca okanye ukuya esiphelweni ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukuba sifuna ukutsiba umlinganiswa ngomlinganiswa kwelinye icala okanye kwelinye, sinokusebenzisa amaqhosha asekhohlo okanye asekunene. Kwelinye icala, ukuba sifuna ukutsiba ukusuka kwigama ukuya kwigama endaweni yomlinganiswa siye kubalinganiswa, singasebenzisa Ctrl + Utolo (ekhohlo okanye ekunene) kwikhibhodi yethu. Nje ukuba sifikelele kwinqanaba, umlinganiswa ophantsi kwesikhombisi unokususwa ngeqhosha lokuCima okanye ngasekhohlo ngeqhosha le-Backspace. Ukuba sifuna ukucima abalinganiswa kwisikhombisi kude kube sekupheleni komgca, sebenzisa iCtrl + K kwaye ucinezele iBackpace. Ukucima kwisikhombisi ukuya ekuqaleni komgca, sebenzisa i-Ctrl + X kunye ne-Backspace.
• Guqula oonobumba abakhulu babe ngamagama amancinci okanye ngokwahlukileyo: Ungawatshintsha amagama amancinci ubonobumba abakhulu okanye ngokuchaseneyo ngokubeka isikhombisi apho sifuna khona kwaye ucinezele u-Esc olandelwa ngu-C okanye uL.
• Khuphela kwaye uncamathisele isicatshulwa kwilayini yomyalelo: Ngaphandle kweqhosha lasekunene le mouse, ungasebenzisa indibaniselwano yesitshixo Ctrl + Shift + C ukukopa kunye Ctrl + Shift + V ukucola. Ngendlela, iShift sisitshixo sokutshintsha, kodwa eso siphantsi kweqhosha "loKhiye besiKhi", kwabo bangaziyo. Nangona kubonakala kusisiyatha, ngamanye amaxesha asinayo imouse yokwenza kwaye kunomdla ukwazi ezi ndlela zimfutshane zekhibhodi. Umzekelo, oku kuye kwenzeka kum ngamanye amaxesha kunye neRaspbian yeRaspberry Pi, apho bendingenayo imouse ukunxibelelana nebhodi.
• Iskripthi: Izikripthi ziluncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, cinga ukuba ufuna ukubona imbali, cima isikrini sangoku kwaye ucime imbali ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuyakufuna uthotho lwemiyalelo kwaye ukuba ngumsebenzi owenzayo yonke imihla, unokuba nomdla ekwenzeni iskripthi esikwenza konke ngaxeshanye kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye kufuneka usebenze ukwenza lo msebenzi. Ukuyila, sibhala lo mbhalo ulandelayo ngomhleli wokubhaliweyo kwaye siwugcine ngolwandiso .sh kwaye siwunike iimvume zokwenza. Khawufane ucinge ngomzekelo esiwubekileyo, isicatshulwa siya kuba:

 #!/bin/bash
history
clear
cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history
echo "El historial se ha borrado. Gracias.”

• Ukuyiphumeza, cinga ukuba siyibize ngegama erasure.sh, kuba ukusuka kwisikhombisi apho ikhoyo, sibhala oku kulandelayo kwaye ucinezela ENTER (ukusisindisa ukubhala umyalelo wembali ukubonisa imbali, kucacile ukucima isikrini kunye nekati umgca ukucima ifayile egcina imbali, nangona esi skripthi singenzi ngqondo ininzi, kodwa ngumzekelo olula wokuba uwuqonde):

 ./borrado.sh

Amaqhinga asebenzayo kunye nemiyalelo yokucinezela isiphelo sethu:

Nje ukuba sazi ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ezinikwa ngu-bash ukufumana amava angcono, singaqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa kuyo:

• Yazi kulawulo endikuyo:

pwd

• Guqula kolunye ulawulo:

cd /ruta/del/nuevo/directorio/o/fichero

• Buyela kulawulo lwangaphambili:

cd ..

• Yiya ngqo kulawulo lwakho okanye eyomnye umsebenzisi oyichazayo:

cd ~nombre_usuario

• Yiya kulawulo lweengcambu:

cd /

• Yenza umkhombandlela:

mkdir nombre_directorio

• Cima imikhombandlela okanye iifayile:

rmdir nombre_directorio
rm nombre_fichero

• Dwelisa imixholo yolawulo:

 ls 

• Jonga amaxwebhu afihliweyo kulawulo:

ls -a

• Khangela ifayile kwinkqubo yonke:

 find / -name nombre_fichero

• Qikelela indawo esetyenziswe sisikhombisi:

 du -sh /directorio

• Yenza ifayile ye- ugcino lwencwadi eneenkcukacha Kwesinye: cinga ukuba ufuna ukwenza ikopi yogcino yolawulo / lwasekhaya kwaye ulugcine kwi / temp kwaye ubuye ubize ikopi1:

 dump -0aj -f /tmp/copia1.bak /home

• Yenza umfanekiso we-ISO wediski ekhawulezayo nelula:

 mkisofs /dev/cdrom > nombre_imagen.iso

• Ngaba inkqubo yakho ibikhona utshixiwe ngaphandle ngenxa yenkqubo kwimowudi yemizobo? Unganyanzela ukuvala le nkqubo yokusilela ukubuyela esiqhelweni nge-xkill. Kuya kufuneka uchwetheze oku kulandelayo kwaye uza kubona ukuba isikhombisi sempuku siguqukele emnqamlezweni, xa uchukumisa ifestile ofuna ukuyinyanzela ukuba uyivale kwaye yiyo:

 xkill

• Ufuna lungisa kwakhona umyalelo wokugqibela ujoyine? Uhlobo:

 !! 

• Ngenisa umyalelo ngaphandle kokuwugcina kwimbalil: Kuya kufuneka ubeke indawo phambi komyalelo ofuna ukuwukhuphela kuluhlu lwembali. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukuba ii-ls zingadweliswa kwimbali ye-bash, chwetheza:

 ls 

• Fumana ulwazin malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa nawuphi na umyalelo:

 man nombre_comando

• Jonga izinto zekhompyutha zenkqubo yethu:

 dmidecode -q

• Bonisa cIimpawu zobugcisa zediski enzima:

 sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

• Veza Ulwazi oluneenkcukacha lweCPU:

 cat /proc/cpuinfo

• Ngaba uyayifuna ikhalenda ekhawulezayo? Ukufumana ikhalenda yonyaka othile, chwetheza oku kulandelayo (umzekelo: ukubonisa enye kulo nyaka):

 cal 2015

• Okanye ukuba uyayifuna inyanga ethile, umzekelo u-Okthobha:

 cal 10 2015

• Cima inkqubo ngexesha elichaziweyo. Khawufane ucinge ukuba ukhuphela into eza kuthatha ixesha elide kwaye ufuna ukuphuma endlwini. Ukuze izixhobo zingasebenzisi umbane de ubuye kwaye ungashiyanga ukukhutshwa phakathi, unokucwangcisa ukuvalwa ngexesha elithile ngalo myalelo. Umzekelo, cinga ukuba ufuna ukuyicima ngo-08: 50:

 shutdown -h 08:50

• Yazi i-IP yethu: Kule nto sinokusebenzisa ifconfig command kwaye sijonge i "inet addr:" intsimi eya kuthi ichonge i-IP yethu. Ilula, kodwa oku kusinika i-IP yethu yangaphakathi. Ukuba into esiyifunayo yeyangaphandle okanye ye-IP yoluntu:

 curl ifconfig.me/ip

• Coca iscreen sesiphelo sendlelaAndifuni kukugqithisa ngombhalo omninzi kwaye ndicoceke. Ku luncedo emva kokwenza imiyalelo emininzi okanye ngezixhobo ezithile ezibuyisela ubuninzi beenkcukacha zombhalo eziwela kwisikrini. Xa ungasayifuni, ungashiya iqokobhe elitsha ngeCtrl + L okanye ukuba unqwenela:

 clear

• Unxibelelwano koomatshini ababonakalayo: Ukuba usebenzisa i-VirtualBOX okanye i-VMWare ukwenza enye inkqubo isebenze, nokuba yiLinux okanye eyahlukileyo, usenokucinga ukuba ungadibanisa njani umatshini obonakalayo (undwendwe) kunye nomatshini wenyama (umgcini) kwinqanaba lenethiwekhi okanye nokuba ungadibanisa njani oomatshini omnye komnye. Ewe, kuya kufuneka ufikelele kuqwalaselo lwenethiwekhi yomatshini obonakalayo kwaye ukhethe ubumbeko lwe-NAT ukwenza ikhonkco ngqo phakathi koomatshini ababini okanye iBridge ukunxibelelana ngomatshini obonakalayo kunye nomzimba. Kwimeko yokuqala akukho mfuneko yokuba wenze nantoni na, kodwa xa ukhetha indlela yeBridge, kuya kufuneka uqwalasele i-IP yeendwendwe ukuze ikuluhlu olufanayo nolo lubamba umkhosi. Umzekelo, khawufane ucinge ukuba umatshini wakho ophathekayo une-IP (ungajonga ifconfig) 192.168.1.3 kwaye umatshini obonakalayo unenye i-Linux distro. Ewe, kuya kufuneka uvule i-terminal yomatshini oqinisekileyo kwaye uthayiphe "ifconfig eth0 New_IP" ngaphandle kwezicatshulwa kwaye ufake endaweni entsha_IP ye-IP oyifunayo (khumbula kwakhona ukuba usebenzisa esinye isixhobo senethiwekhi ngaphandle kwe-eth0, kuya kufuneka uchaze). Le IP intsha kufuneka ikwicandelo elifanayo lenethiwekhi njengaleyo yomatshini ophathekayo, ke kufuneka ibonakale njenge 192.168.1.X, apho i-X linalo naliphi na inani ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-255. Umzekelo, oku kuyakusebenza kule meko:

 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10

• Cwaka imiyalezo yempazamo ecaphukisayo: Ndicebisa kuqala ukusombulula okanye ukubeka esweni ingxaki kwaye ndibone ukuba ayisiyonto imbi. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ezinye iimpazamo zokufika ngexesha okanye ezingenabungozi zivelisa ifayile enempazamo eya kuthi ibangele umyalezo ocaphukisayo ubonakale usilumkisa ngengxaki kwaye ubuze ukuxela ingxaki ukusombulula. Ukuba ufuna ukuwuphepha lo myalezo ucaphukisayo "Kufunyenwe ingxaki ..." okanye efanayo, ungachwetheza oku kulandelayo:

 sudo rm /var/crash/*

• I-Hard drive kumda wesikhundla (simahla indawo): ukukhulula indawo onokuyisebenzisa, umzekelo, oku kulandelelana kwemiyalelo (oku kuyakucima iifayile ezingafunekiyo ezithatha indawo ngaphandle kokuchaneka)

 sudo apt-get autoclean sudo apt-get celan sudo apt-get autoremove

• Jonga indawo ekhoyo kunye nesetyenzisiweyo yediski enzima: Ukwenza oku, sinokusebenzisa umyalelo olula osinika idatha kwindawo yasimahla nesetyenzisiweyo yokwahlulahlula ngoku, kubandakanya nepesenti:

 df -H

• Fumana iilayibrari ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo: Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukubona amathala eencwadi axhomekeke ku "ls" inkqubo:

 ldd /bin/ls

• Khangela kwaye ucime Zonke iifayile ngolwandiso oluthile: cinga ukuba ufuna ukucima yonke imifanekiso ngolwandiso lwegif kwinkqubo yakho (nokuba leliphi igama labo). Uhlobo:

 find -name *.gif | xargs rm -rf

• Yazi ukuba zeziphi izibuko esivulekileyo: Ukwazi ukuba zeziphi izibuko esivulekileyo singayisebenzisa le miyalelo mibini, enye ye-TCP kunye nenye ye-UDP:

 nmap -sS -O
nmap -sU -O

• Yazi ukuba yeyiphi iqokobhe esiyisebenzisayo: njengoko uyazi ukuba kukho ezininzi, nangona i-bash iyeyona ixhaphake kakhulu zikhona ezinye. Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi iqokobhe esisebenza nalo, ungachwetheza lo myalelo ulandelayo obuyisela igama lawo:

 echo $SHELL

• Ulwazi malunga nohlobo lwekernel, uyilo kunye ne-distro: Singalwazi ulwazi malunga nohlobo lweLinux kernel esebenzisa i-distro yethu, kunye noyilo lweprosesa yethu kunye nokusasazwa esisebenzisayo. Kufuneka uchwetheze nje:

 uname -a

• Khangela ukuba inkqubo yethu isemngciphekweni ngenxa yobukho beengcambu: I-rootkits zizixhobo ezinobungozi njengoko usazi, ezi zixhobo zivumela ukufikelela kweengcambu kubasebenzisi abakhohlakeleyo. Ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba inkqubo yethu yosulelwe yenye, sikhuphele le phakheji kwaye emva koko (ukusuka kulawulo apho ikhutshelwe khona ifayile, khumbula ukusebenzisa cd ukuya kuyo):

 tar -xvf chkrootkit.tar.gz
cd chkrootkit-0.49/
make sense
./chkrootkit

Ndiyathemba ukuba iluncedo kuwe. Ungalibali ukunika izimvo ukunika uluvo lwakho kwaye ukuba unqwenela, sibuze ukuba songeze elinye iqhinga olifumana linomdla. Sivulekile kwizicelo zakho.

Olunye ulwazi kunye nezifundo ezivela kwibhlog yethu- Ezona ndlela zingcono zeLinux kwiinkqubo zeWindows, Uyifaka njani nayiphi na iphakheji kwiLinux