Amakhompiyutha amakhulu alidlula kude isivinini sokubala samakhompyutha edeskithophu.
Njalo ngonyaka ku Linux Adictos Sinanela ukushicilelwa kohlu lwamakhompiyutha amakhulu amakhulu angama-500 emhlabeni. Futhi ku i-athikili edlule Ngikutshelile ngeFrontier, okwamanje engagcini nje ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabeni kodwa futhi eyenza kahle kakhulu emhlabeni.
Como kuhlale kuthakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi sifike kanjani lapha, ake sihambe nomlando omfushane wamakhompiyutha amakhulu.
Iyini i-supercomputer?
Kuyiqembu elikwazi ukwenza izibalo ezinde neziyinkimbinkimbi ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukusebenza kwe-supercomputer kuvame ukukalwa ekusebenzeni kwamaphuzu antantayo ngomzuzwana (FLOPS) kunezigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana (MIPS).
Ama-Supercomputers asetshenziswa emkhakheni obanzi wemisebenzi edinga ukusetshenziswa okujulile kokubala. okufana ne-quantum mechanics, ukubikezela isimo sezulu, ucwaningo lwesimo sezulu, ukuhlola uwoyela negesi, ukumodela kwamangqamuzana (okuhlanganisa izakhiwo nezakhiwo zenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali, ama-biological macromolecules, ama-polymers, namakristalu), kanye nokulingiswa kwe-physics yohlobo lwekhompyutha. yendawo yonke, i-aerodynamics yezindiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi, ukuqhunyiswa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Futhi ekudalweni nasekuphuleni izindlela ezivikelekile zokubethela.
Umlando omfushane wama-supercomputers
Ngo-1956, iqembu lase-University of Manchester e-UK laqala ukuthuthukisa i-MUSE. Umgomo wakhe wawuwukwakha ikhompiyutha ekwazi ukusebenza ngesivinini sokucubungula esiseduze nesekhondi elilodwa ngomyalelo ngamunye, okungukuthi, iziqondiso ezingaba yisigidi ngomzuzwana.” Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, igama lalo msebenzi lashintshwa laba i-Atlas.
I-Atlas yokuqala yethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba 7, 1962, futhi yathathwa ngesikhathi yethulwa njengekhompyutha enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Atlas iphayona ukusetshenziswa kwenkumbulo ebonakalayo kanye nokupheja njengendlela yokwandisa inkumbulo yayo yokusebenza ngokuhlanganisa amagama ayo ayi-16 enkumbulo eyinhloko kanye namagama engeziwe angu-384. inkumbulo yebhethri yesibili.
Ikhompyutha yokuqala eyavela enkampanini ezimele yayivela enkampanini eyasungulwa ngo-1957 yiqembu lonjiniyela bamakhompyutha, okuhlanganisa noSeymour Cray, owayezoba omunye wabantu abavelele kakhulu embonini. Le nkampani ibibizwa ngeControl Data Corporation futhi yakhiqiza ikhompuyutha ebizwa ngokuthi I-CDC 6000 eyayakhiwe ngama-transistors ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amane, izintambo zamamayela ayikhulu, uhlelo lokupholisa olusha kanye namandla okuqopha ikhompuyutha ngesikhathi sama-megaFLOPS ama-3.. Le khompyutha yavela ngo-1964
Imfihlo yejubane le-CDC 6600 yayingaphakathi ikhono layo lokwabelana ngomsebenzi nama-peripherals okuvumela i-CPU ukuthi izinikele ekucubunguleni idatha kuphela. Ulimi lokuhlela kwakungu-FORTRAN.
Ngo-1968, uCray wakhiqiza iCDC 7600 nayo eyazuza isihloko sekhompyutha eshesha kakhulu emhlabeni.. Igijima ku-36 MHz, i-7600 inezikhathi ezingu-3,6 ijubane lewashi le-6600, kodwa ayizange iphumelele kwezohwebo njengoba bekulindelekile. futhi uCray washiya i-CDC ngo-1972 wayosungula inkampani yakhe.
Ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya kwakho, i-CDC ikhiqize i I-STAR-100 enejubane elingu-100 megaFLOPS, okuyijubane eliphindwe kathathu kuneleyandulelayo. futhi wasebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-vector processing, okungukuthi, i-CPU yakhelwe ukwenza izibalo zezibalo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kakade enkampanini yakhe, u-Seymour Cray ukhiqize amamodeli amathathu
- I-CRAY-1: Yaqala ngo-1976 futhi yayingenye yamakhompiyutha okuqala ukusebenzisa amasekethe ahlanganisiwe futhi yasebenza ngesivinini esingu-160 megaFLOPS.
- CRAY X-MP: Ivele ngo-1982 yengeza amaphrosesa angu-4 kanye nomkhawulokudonsa wememori owengeziwe kumodeli yangaphambilini. Umthamo wayo wokubala ungama-megaFLOPS angama-800.
- I-CRAY-2: Le khompyutha yango-1985 yayinokupholisa uketshezi kanye nesivinini sokubala esingu-1,9 gigaFLOPS.
Njengamanye amaphayona amaningi, U-Cray wehlulekile ukubona ukushintsha kwe-paradigm futhi inkampani yakhe yafaka isicelo sokuqothuka ngo-1995. Ngaleso sikhathi, izimbangi zayo zamukele imodeli yamanje ye-parallel computing lapho umsebenzi uhlukaniswa phakathi kwamaphrosesa amabili noma ngaphezulu anesibopho sokuwuxazulula ngesikhathi esisodwa.