Leli qembu lezindatshana lihlose uku xoxa indaba ye-Unix, isistimu yokusebenza evule indlela yeLinux, imithombo evulekile yomthombo we-BSD, nangokungaqondile iMacOS ne-Android. Kepha ukuze uqonde i-Unix kufanele wazi umlando we-Bell Labs, uphiko locwaningo lwe-AT & T.
Kufanele kube nezimo ezimbalwa kakhulu lapho inkampani ingenisa imboni ngokwayo. Izimoto, imboni yamakhompyutha noma ukwenziwa kwezindiza kube ngumphumela wophenyo lwabantu abaningi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Esikhundleni salokho IBell Labs kanye nabanduleli bayo, amagatsha ocwaningo eWestern Electric ne-AT & T, athuthukise cishe yonke into edingekayo ukwakha inethiwekhi yocingo yanamuhla.
I-AT & T isuselwe kumsunguli wocingo uqobo, u-Alexander Graham Bell. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, izinto manje esizithatha njengethoni yokukhala, ithoni ematasa, ingwegwe yokulengisa ihendisethi noma ukudayela kokudayela bezingekho. Kuthiwa uma ufuna ukushaya ucingo kufanele umemeze bese ulinda umuntu odlula eduze kwalolu thuluzi ukuthi akuphendule.
Inkampani Bekufanele ngixazulule izinkulungwane zezinkinga nsuku zonke okungekho noyedwa owake wabhekana nazo kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Ngalokhu, wasungula iqembu lochwepheshe abahlukahlukene ababandakanya onjiniyela, amakhemikhali, ososayensi, izibalo kanye nochwepheshe bokusansimbi, phakathi kwabanye.. Akudingeki nje kuphela ukuthi bagcine uhlelo lwamanje lusebenza kodwa balulungiselele ukwanda kwesidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze ihlale ingumbuso, bekufanele yehlise izindleko.
Kwakunezithiyo ezimbili ezinkulu ekufezeni lezi zinhloso. Amashubhu wokuhlanza (zazo siyakhuluma esihlokweni esanduleler kanye nezibopho.
I-relay yiswishi kagesi evumela ukuthi ugesi udlule lapho uvaliwe futhi uyivimbele lapho ivulekile. Ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kweswishi nakho kwenziwa ngekhompyutha.
Ukwenziwa kwamashubhu we-vacuum kwakuwumsebenzi wobuciko odinga izinyathelo eziningi futhi ukubekezelela okuncane kakhulu ukwehluleka. Uma yakhiwe babenokusebenzisa kakhulu ugesi futhi bakhiqiza ukushisa okuningi. Ukudluliswa, umsebenzi wawo bekungukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcingo zifinyelela lapho ziya khona ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yezingcingo, tBabenabo oxhumana nabo bensimbi abaningi abagugile. Futhi, isikhathi sayo sokuphendula sasihamba kancane.
I-physics yesimo esiqinile nokufika kwe-transistor
I-solid state physics inikezelwe ekutadisheni izakhiwo zezinto zokwakha nokuthi zihlobana kanjani nezakhiwo zazo esikalini se-athomu.
Izinto eziqinile zakhiwa ngama-athomu aminyene, ahlangana kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlangana kukhiqiza imishini (isb., Ukuqina nokuqina), ezishisayo, ezikagesi, kazibuthe nezindawo ezibonakalayo.
Kumadivayisi wombuso oqinile ugesi ugeleza ngamakristalu aqinile e-semiconductor (i-silicon, i-gallium arsenide, i-germanium) esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amashubhu we-vacuum.
Uma bengathola izinto ezifanele, iBell Labs ukunciphisa izindleko, isikhathi sokukhiqiza kanye nempilo yezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa izingcingo futhi qinisekisa ikhwalithi yesiginali.
Ngo-1939 baqala ukutadisha izinto zokwakha ama-semiconductor. Lezi zinto zisetshenzisiwe zibizwa kanjalo ngoba akuzona izihambisi zikagesi ezinhle njengoba kwenzeka ngethusi) noma izivikeli ezinhle zikagesi ezifana nengilazi. Enye impahla ethokozisayo ukuthi bavumela kuphela okwamanje ukuthi kudlule ohlangothini olulodwa. Ukuphela kokufanele ukwenze ukuthola into ezokhulisa umsindo futhi.
Umsebenzi waphazanyiswa yimpi yesibili yomhlaba lapho izinsiza zeBell Laboratories zazinikezelwe kwezokuxhumana kwezempi kanye nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe bokubona i-radar.
Baqala kabusha umsebenzi wabo, ososayensi bahlangabezana nenkinga, izinto zokwakha ama-semiconductor zazingenazo izakhiwo zokukhulisa. Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba ingxenye ephezulu yento esemiconductor (bebesebenzisa iGermanium noma iSilicon) ivikele ukudlula kwamanje. Ekugcineni baxazulule le nkinga ngokusebenzisa isixazululo se-conductive.
Kamuva bakha idivaysi eyenziwe ngocezu oluncane lwezinto ze-semiconductor cishe ikota elilingana nepeni kudola elihlala esisekelweni sensimbi. Ucingo lwalunamathiselwe esisekelweni ngenkathi isiqeshana esincane esingunxantathu sepulasitiki esongwe ngegolide sikhombe ebusweni obuphezulu besilayidi. Ephuzwini kwakukhona imbobo encane, ecishe ingabonakali eyenza izintambo ezimbili ngokuhlukana okuncane.
Leyo divayisi ingaba yisisekelo sento ethile eyaziwa njenge-transistor futhi ingaba yisisekelo somkhakha we-elekthronikhi ngawo-XNUMXs and XNUMXs. Bazovumela futhi nokuvela kwesizukulwane sesibili samakhompyutha asebenza ngogesi.