Amashubhu wokuhlanza. Umlando wokuqala we-Unix ingxenye 3

Kulokhu uchungechunge lwezihloko silandela umsuka ka-Aix, isistimu yokusebenza i-Linux kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zomthombo ovulekile ezikhuthazwe yiyo. Kepha, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa i-Unix kunhlangano evikele abadali bayo, kufanele siqale ngomlando we-Bell Laboratories, esinye sezikhungo ezikhiqiza kakhulu emisha zekhulu lama-XNUMX.

Ngalesi sikhathi kuhle ukucaciselwa, mhlawumbe i-AT & T (inhlangano yabazali be-Bell Laboratories) ibingeyona inkampani eyisibonelo ekusebenzeni kwayo nabancintisana namakhasimende. Izinto zazingaphelele eBell Labs noma; kwakukhona abantu ababezwelana nabo okungafanele bazwelane nabo, babe nomona, izimpi ze-ego, nabo bonke ububi obujwayele ukwenzeka lapho abantu besebenzisana.

Nokho, Bakwazile ukudala enye yezindawo zokusebenza ezikhiqiza kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi sezinhlangano ze-Renaissance, babeka izisekelo zamalabhorethri ocwaningo nezinkampani zesimanje Futhi, uma nje befuna ukugwema ukwehlisa ulaka lwabalawuli, babelane ngemiphumela yabo nezifundiswa, imvamisa mahhala.

Amashubhu wokuhlanza. Ukunqoba amabanga

I-AT & T kwakuyinkampani yezinsizakalo zocingos. Ukuthi ilabhorethri yakhe yocwaningo yanikeza iqembu elincane labasebenzi bakhe inkululeko yokuqhuba ucwaningo oluyisisekelo akubenzanga bakhohlwe inhloso enkulu. Yiba yinkampani ezoxhumana nayo yonke i-United States.

Kepha, ukufeza lokho bekufanele baxazulule inkinga, Ungenza kanjani ukuthi izwi lomuntu lihambe amabanga amade ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi. Vele futhi bekufanele banakekele ezinye izinto njengezintambo eziphikisana nemiphumela yokuba ngaphandle, kepha, ngoba lokho akusishiyi sisondelene ne-Unix, sizokuziba.

Lowo owayengumongameli wenkampani ngaleso sikhathi, uTheodore Vail, ngo-1906 wayala labo ababengaphansi kwakhe ukuthi basebenze eBazothola indlela yokwakha ukuxhumana kocingo phakathi kweNew York neSan Francisco. Kufanele ukuthi isebenze ngo-1914, unyaka lapho kuzobanjelwa khona iPanama Pacific International Exposition.
Inkinga enkulu bekuwukushoda kwesikhulisi esisebenzayo noma okuphindayo. Ngamazwi wesikhulu senkampani:

Ngabe besazi ukuthi singamthuthukisa kanjani umuntu ophindayo? Cha. Kungani kungenjalo? Isayensi ibingakasikhombisi indlela. Ngabe sasinaso yini isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi uzoba njalo? Yebo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Mhlawumbe.

Idivayisi eyaziwa njenge-vacuum tube (Uma kukhona onguchwepheshe egumbini ofuna ukulungisa ukuhumusha kwami, bamukelekile ukwenza kanjalo ngendlela yokuphawula) Kuyithuluzi elilawula ukuhamba kwamandla kagesi phakathi kwama-electrode amabili. Ikwenza lokho ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Kwakuyinto esemqoka ekuthuthukiseni umsakazo, ithelevishini, i-radar, ukuqoshwa kwemisindo nokukhiqizwa kabusha, amanethiwekhi wezingcingo zamabanga amade futhi, okuthethelela ukuthi ngibhala lo mbhalo, amakhompyutha okuqala anezinto zobuchwepheshe.

IBell Labs iza kubuchwepheshe be-vacuum tube ngokusebenzisa indlela yenoveli. Eqiniseka ukuthi akekho noyedwa kunjiniyela wakhe owayezothola isisombululo, wanquma ukubiza abafundi abafundela ubudokotela kwi-teó physics.okumnandi. Bekungokokuqala emhlabeni wobumbano ukuthi ososayensi basetshenziselwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zobunjiniyela ezisetshenzisiwe.

Omunye wososayensi waqasha u-tWakha umshini weshubhu elinomshini obizwa nge-Audion, wawakha kabusha esebenzisa izinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi wenza ngcono umoya wokukhipha umoya ukukhiqiza i-vacuum.io. Imiklamo yathuthukiswa futhi yasebenza ngokuphelele lapho ulayini uvulwa ngo-1915.

Ngokungena kwe-United States eMpini Yezwe I, Izinsizakusebenza zocwaningo ze-AT & T zaphendukela ekusetshenzisweni kwamashubhu wokucasha kuzicelo zempi. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo lokho kusebenzisana kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwe-radar.

Inkemba enkulu ye-AT & T yamaDamocles kwaba yilokho osopolitiki bazozama ukuphuca umbuso wedwa ucingo. Yingakho wayezama njalo ukunika ubuchwepheshe bakhe obunelungelo lobunikazi kwezinye izimboni. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwakhe ngamashubhu we-vacuum lwatholakala kuzo zombili izimboni ezisunguliwe nezisavelayo. Ama-prototypes wokuqala wamakhompiyutha kagesi asebenzisa amadivayisi we-vacuum tube nobuchwepheshe be-Bell avele ngasekupheleni kwawo-30. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi iBell Labs base bevele becabanga ngobuchwepheshe obuzobenza baphelelwe yisikhathi.