Kusuka kumanethiwekhi amaningi kuya ku-inthanethi. Iphrothokholi eyodwa yokuzibusa zonke

Besine kwesokunxele umlando wethu ngaleso sikhathi inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha exhumanisa amanyuvesi athile aseNyakatho Melika yanwebeka nakwamanye amazwe isebenzisa amanethiwekhi amathathu ahlukene; I-Arpanet (ukuxhumana ngocingo) i-PRNET (ngomsakazo) kanye ne-Satnet (nge-satellite) ngayinye isebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo wayo. Isikhathi sesifikile sokubahlanganisa ngokusebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo owodwa.

Kusuka kumanethiwekhi amaningi kuya ku-inthanethi

Ngo-1973 i-DARPA esesibizwa kabusha manje setha iqembu elisebenzayo lokwenziwa kwale protocol entsha. Leli qembu lizoqondiswa ngu imigomo efanayo yokuvumelana kanye nentando yeningi okwenziwa ngayo izivumelwano zokuqala.

Iphrothokholi entsha izokhetha i- indlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngokuya ngomsebenzi we-Cyclades, iphrojekthi yokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi yaseFrance kanye nocwaningo lwama-laboratories e-Xerox PARC, izofuna ukwabela amandla phansi inethiwekhi ngokuyidlulisela kubathumeli nakwabemukelayo.

I-Xerox Research Labs (Abasunguli bokuthwebula izithombe) babenomthwalo wemisebenzi eminingi emisha. Ngeshwa, abaphathi babo abakwazanga ukubenza bazuze. Enye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu kwakuyikhompyutha ye-Alto.

Emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi i-Apple ikhiphe imodeli yayo yokuqala yokudweba, i-Altos yayinegundane, ideskithophu yokuqhafaza, nomphathi wewindi. UXerox wayedinga indlela yokuthi lawa makhompyutha axhumane nomunye nomunye umsebenzi abawenzile; amaphrinta e-laser.

Ukufeza lokhu baqashe unjiniyela osemusha ogama lakhe linguRobert Metcalfe. UMetcalfe wayeyilungu leqembu elaliphethe ukwenza inqubo evamile yawo wonke amanethiwekhi, kepha wayengakhululekile ngokuvumelana nangendlela efanelekile ngakho wagxila emsebenzini wakhe weXerox.

Lowo msebenzi ungaba yisisekelo salokho esikwaziyo namuhla njenge-Ethernet, umthetho olandelwayo wokuxhumana wamanethiwekhi asendaweni. Umqondo oyisisekelo we-Ethernet weza kuye ngenkathi echitha ubusuku endlini kaSteve Crocker. UCrocker wayengumxhumanisi weqembu elenza izivumelwano zokuqala ze-Intanethi futhi wasungula indlela yokuvumelana nokufaneleka okuyothi kamuva kube yisisekelo semiklamo eminingi yemithombo evulekile.

Kuthiwa ukungakwazi ukulala, uMetcalfe uthathe iphephabhuku lesayensi wafunda udaba olumayelana nenqubo esetshenziswayo ukuxhuma amakhompyutha amabili kusetshenziswa amagagasi omsakazo esixoxe ngawo endabeni edlule. Unjiniyela wathuthukisa umqondo ngokwenza isheke lokuhambisa ukuthi isiteshi siyasebenza ngaphambi kokudlulisa, lapho kungalinda khona. Ngokwengeziwe, ihlala ihlola izinkinga, lapho ukusakazwa khona kuyama bese kuqhubeka kabusha ngemuva kwesikhathi.

Kusuka emisebenzini kaMetcalfe Okuthiwa yi-PUP protocol (PARC Universal Packet) kwavela lapho, ngokungafani ne-ARPANET, izilawuli zokuhamba kwedatha kanye nokuhlolwa kobuqotho azikho kwingqalasizinda yokuxhumana kepha kumthumeli nakumamukeli.

NgoMeyi 1974 iqembu le-DARPA ishicilela uhlaka lokuqala lweTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) olusebenzisa indlela ye-PUP. Yize labo ababhekelekayo bebeka isizathu sobuchwepheshe, ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukukala uhlelo olunikezwe amandla, ezinye izazi-mlando ziyakukholelwa lokho isinqumo besiphathelene nefilosofi efanayo eholele ekukhethweni kwendlela yokusebenza efanelekile nokuvumelana.

Inethiwekhi yangempela ye-ARPANET ibilawulwa ngusonkontileka obizwa nge-BBN onamandla okuyifinyelela, ayiqaphe futhi ayivuselele ukude.

Noma kunjalo, ayikho inkolelo yetulo yokusesha indlela yokuqala. Ngesikhathi lapho amandla wekhompiyutha ayephansi futhi ebiza, ayemaphakathi ukuze angathathi amandla wokucubungula kumakhompyutha asendaweni abahlanganyeli benethiwekhi.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi asebenzisa le protocol entsha kwavivinywa ngoNovemba 22, 1977. Iloli elalishayelwa emgwaqeni omkhulu waseCalifornia lasakazwa kwikhompyutha ye-ARPANET eyayifaka ikhebuli kwenye ikhompyutha esogwini olusempumalanga ye-US. Basuka lapho, bathunyelwa nge-satellite eya e-United Kingdom, eyababuyisela eCalifornia lapho batholwa khona yiloli lapho iqembu lakha khona amaphethini alivumela ukuthi libheke ubuqiniso bedatha. Awekho amaphutha, ukuphazanyiswa nje okubangelwe amabhuloho nokunye ukwakhiwa.

Ngemuva kokubuyekezwa okuningana, ngonyaka we-1978 umthetho olandelwayo we-TCP wafakwa waba izingxenye ezimbili; I-TCP izonakekela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha nephrothokholi entsha ye-IP ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamanethiwekhi. Okufunwayo bekuwukugwema ukuphindaphindwa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwamakhompyutha anikeza ukufinyelela kumanethiwekhi angaphandle avela kulawo alawula amanethiwekhi endawo.

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