Kwethu inqaku langaphambilir besele siqalisile ukubala Imbali yeeLebhu zeLebhu, umbutho ovela kuwo uninzi lwezinto zobuchwephesha zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Phakathi kwabo iUnixInkqubo yokusebenza eya kukhuthaza uRichard Stallman kunye noLinus Torvalds.
Sishiya eli bali noTheodore Vail, umongameli we-AT & T kunye Iprojekthi yakho yokwenza inkonzo yefowuni jikelele. (Ukuqonda okunjalo kwindalo yonke yabasebenzisi befowuni eMelika)
Owona mqobo mikhulu ekwakufuneka woyiswe ukuze kufezekiswe inkonzo yendalo iphela ibikukude. Itekhnoloji ngelo xesha yavumela kuphela ilizwi lomntu ukuba lihanjiswe ngaphezulu kohambo lwe-1700 yeekhilomitha ngaphambi kokuba umqondiso uphambuke okanye ulahlekelwe ngamandla.
Ukuba ufuna ukuseka inkonzo yefowuni ewela ilizwe lonke phakathi kweNew York neSan Francisco, I-AT & T ayifunanga ukusombulula ingxaki yamandla esignali kunye nokuphazamiseka. Kwakudingeka ukuphuhliswa kwentambo ekwazi ukuhamba ngeentaba kunye neentlango kunye nokujamelana nobunzima bemozulu.
Abaphathi benkampani bagqibe kwelokuba benze into entsha ngelixesha, Cela uncedo kwizazinzulu. Ifemu yaqesha abanye abafundi be-PhD kwiFizikiki kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago kwilebhu yayo eNew York.
Omnye wabo wayenokukwazi ukusombulula ingxaki.
Ukuzalwa kweelebhu zeBell
Ngomnyaka we-1921 iCongress yayingabandakanyi iinkonzo zeefowuni kwimithetho yokulwa nokunqongophala kwemvume evumela ukuba izicwangciso ze-Vail zenzeke. Ngomnyaka we-1924 inkampani yahlanganisa onke amasebe ayo obunjineli kwaye yenza inkampani ezimeleyo ebizwa ngokuba yiBell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Iilebhu uphando kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo ezitsha zoMbane waseNtshona (inkampani encinci ejongene nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zefowuni), kunye nokwenza utshintsho nokucwangcisa ukuhambisa kunye nokwenza izixhobo ezinxulumene nonxibelelwano ze-AT & T. Le mibutho izakuxhasa ngezimali umsebenzi weeBell Labs.
Kwamawaka amabini eengcali eziqeshiweyo, uninzi lwabo lusebenze kuphuhliso lwemveliso. Malunga namakhulu amathathu, nangona kunjalo, babebandakanyeka kuphando olusisiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa. Le yokugqibela ibandakanya amasimi e- i-chemistry yomzimba kunye neyendalo, isinyithi, ubutsalane, ukuqhuba ngombane, i-radiation, i-elektroniki, i-acoustics, ifonetiki, i-optics, imathematics, ubucukubhede, kunye ne-physiology, ye-psychology kunye nemeteorology. Kwaye kwakungekho mthetho ugwebayo ukude kunxibelelene nonxibelelwano lwabantu, nokuba ziintambo okanye unomathotholo okanye isandi esirekhodiweyo okanye imifanekiso ebonakalayo.
Njengoko benditshilo kwinqaku elandulelayo, injongo yam ayisiyiyo kuphela inkcukacha ezichaze ukwenzeka kwe-UNIX, kodwa nayo Ndifuna ukuthetha ngenkcubeko eyenze ezo zinto zintsha. Inkcubeko eya kuthi kamva inike iziphumo ezilungileyo ekudalweni kwe-Intanethi kunye nentshukumo yesoftware yasimahla. Ke ngoko, siya kuyeka ukuchaza imeko yomsebenzi kancinci.
Umsebenzi ngaphakathi kweelabhoratri wenziwa kumagumbi amakhulu, avulekileyo anemigangatho yomthi kwaye ahlulwe ngeentsika zamatye ezixhasa ubunzima besilingi. Iyonke yayihlala indawo engaphezulu kwekhulu elinamanci mabini ananye amawaka eemitha. Oku akubandakanyi uphahla olwalusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya indlela iipeyinti ezahlukeneyo, iingubo kunye nezinyithi ezime ngayo.
Ngelixa amanye amagumbi esakhiweni enikezelwe kuyilo lwezixhobo ezitsha, esi sakhiwo sikwabandakanya neelebhu zovavanyo. Iifowuni, iintambo, iiswitshi, iintambo, iikhoyili kunye nezinye iintlobo zamacandelo. Kwakukho iilebhu zamachiza ukujonga iipropathi zemathiriyeli entsha Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iialloys zentsimbi kunye nentambo sheathing, ngelixa ngaphakathi okanyeemva kweendawo zokwakha iziphumo zokuvavanywa kombane kunye nokutshintsha kokudityaniswa kwavavanywa kwaye iipateni zesekethe ezintsha beziphandwa. Ukuphuhliswa kokuhambisa ngaphandle kwamacingo kwathathelwa ingqalelo.
Ukudibanisa izazinzulu kunye neenjineli
Iilebhu zeBell beziphakathi kwezokuqala ukudibanisa isayensi esisiseko kunye nobunjineli. Kunika umdla ukuba kwenzeke njani ukuhlala kunye.
Ngokwababhali bembali, kwakungekho mahluko wokwenyani phakathi kwendima yeenjineli kunye nososayensi. Bonke babemanyene ngenjongo yokufezekisa ukuphuculwa okuncinci okuyimfuneko ukuphucula inkonzo yomnxeba kunye Lawula ukuya kulo lonke ilizwe.
Oku kwakungathethi ukuba uphando olusisiseko lutyeshelwe.. Abo babephethe elabhoratri bafuna ukuba ezinye zezazinzulu eziselula ababeziqeshile zingahoyi iingxaki zemihla ngemihla kwaye Baza kugxila ekufundeni ukuba imithetho esisiseko kunye nokufumanisa okutsha kwifiziksi nakwikhemistri kunokuluchaphazela njani unxibelelwano lwexesha elizayo. Amalungu eli qela angakhetha into aza kuyiphanda.
Kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kuthetha ngegalelo lokuqala leeBell Labs kumzi mveliso wekhompyuter.
Inqaku elilungileyo, ngokoluvo lwam i-AT & T yayingenalo uluvo okanye umbono wokuba unxibelelwano, ikhompyuter kunye kamva ne-Intanethi ziya kukhula njani.
Into eqondakalayo ngaphezulu kweprojekthi yayingumbono, kodwa ukuba izinto zitshintshiwe kunokwenzeka ukuba i-AT & T ibe yi-IBM.