I-80s yayiphantse yaphela "inkcubeko ye-hacker." Kude kwimeko engathandekiyo i-Hollywood kunye neendaba eziza kukunika yona, ukuba ngumgculeli akuthethi ukufikelela okungagunyaziswanga kwinkqubo okanye ikhowudi yenkqubo. Ukufanelekela igama elinje, umntu bekufuneka akwazi ukuthatha inkqubo efumaneka simahla kwaye ayiphucule kakhulu.
Njengoko besitshilo inqaku elidlulileyoKwakuqhelekile ukuba iinkampani zinike abahlaseli baseyunivesithi ukufikelela phambili kwizixhobo ezitsha kubandakanya ikhowudi yemithombo yeenkqubo ezenza ukuba zisebenze. Ngale ndlela, baqinisekisiwe kungekuphela ukubafaka kuvavanyo kodwa kunye nokufikelela kuphuculo abalwenzileyo simahla.
Kodwa, njengoko ukukhula kwesoftware kwaqala ukuba lishishini ngokwalo, abo benza imali ngalo baqala ukutyhala imiqobo kusasazo lwasimahla.. Oku akubandakanyi imigibe esemthethweni efana neelayisensi, kodwa kunye neekhowudi zemingxunya.
UBrian Reid wayengumfundi ogqirha kwiYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon. Reid wayengumdali woMlobi, isoftware ekuvumela ukuba ufomathile kwaye ukhethe iifonti zamaxwebhu athunyelwe kwinethiwekhi.
U-Reid wayengafuni ukuba abanye baxhamle emsebenzini wakhe, ubuncinci hayi mahala. Kungenxa yoko le nto wayithengisa kwinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-Unilogic. Ukwenza ishishini lenze inzuzo kubanini bamashishini abatsha, wafaka nomgaqo ophantsi owenziwe wangasebenzi emva kweentsuku ezingama-90.. Ngaphandle kokuba kunjalo, ikhowudi ebonelelwe yi-Unilogic yafakwa kutshintshiselwano ngentlawulo.
Ukuba ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwikhowudi yomthombo yomqhubi weprinta yintoni eyenza umonde kaRichard Stallman, uReid wayeyindawo yokuqala.
Akukho mnandi, ngakumbi ishishini. UStallman ubalisa amava akhe
En Incoko ngo-1986 uStallman uxela indlela awayephila ngayo okwenzekayo
Ekuqaleni kwee-80, abahlaseli baqonda ukuba kukho umdla kwezorhwebo kwinto abayenzayo. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ube sisityebi ngokusebenza kwinkampani yabucala. Yonke into eyimfuneko yayikukuyeka ukwabelana ngomsebenzi wakhe nehlabathi liphela ...
Ngokusisiseko bonke abadwelisi beenkqubo abanobuchule, ngaphandle kwam, kwilebhu ye-MIT AI babeqeshiwe, kwaye oku kubangele ngaphezulu kwenguquko yethutyana, kwabangela inguquko esisigxina kuba yaphula ukuqhubeka kwenkcubeko ye-hacker. Abagculeli abatsha babesoloko betsalwa ngabagculeli bakudala; bekukho ezona khompyutha zimnandi kunye nabantu abenza ezona zinto zinomdla, kunye nomoya obumnandi ukuba yinxalenye yawo. Nje ukuba ezi zinto zilahleke, akukho nto yenza ukuba le ndawo inike umdla nakubani na omtsha, ke abantu abatsha bayeka ukuza. Kwakungekho namnye kubo ababenokufumana impembelelo kuye, kungekho namnye kubo ababenokufunda kuye ezi zithethe. Kwakhona, akukho mntu unokufunda ukwenza inkqubo elungileyo. Bambalwa kuphela oonjingalwazi kunye nabafundi abaphumeleleyo, abayazi ncam indlela yokwenza inkqubo isebenze.
Ngama-80, umdlalo wevidiyo kunye neekhompyuter zasekhaya zazisasazekile kumakhaya nakumashishini. Amawakawaka ezihloko asasazwa agcinwe kwiikhasethi, kwiidiski zefloppy nakwiikhatriji. TWonke umntu wayenendlela ethile yokuthintela ukuhanjiswa simahla, makube kukushicilela iincwadana kulukhuni ukufotokopa imibala, ukwenza imikhankaso yentengiso okanye ukufaka into kwikhowudi njengakwimeko yoMbhali ofaka iingcinga zexesha elinengqiqo.
Inkcubeko yeHacker, njengoko uStallman wayeyiqonda, ibonakala ngathi ifile ngonaphakade ezandleni zeenkampani ezinje ngeMicrosoft abathengisa iimveliso zabo phantsi kwelayisensi. Nangona kunjalo, kumashumi eminyaka kamva, imbali yayiza kuliguqula ivili kwakhona.
Olu ngcelele lwamanqaku luqale ngenxa ye- umsonto Ngu-Stephen Sinofsky, owayeyintloko ye-WIndows ne-Ofisi. SU-Inofsky uphikisa ukuba iMicrosoft kuye kwafuneka itshintshe isimo sayo sengqondo malunga nomthombo ovulekileyo kuba isoftware yayingasasazwanga ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye imodeli yomrhumo welayisensi yayingasasebenzi.
Ngaphandle koko kuthethwe nguSinofsky, kufuneka sibonise ukuba Enkosi kuStallman, isizukulwane esitsha sabagculi sivele kunye nemigaqo emidala efanayo neyokuqala. Inkqubo yokuthanda iinkqubo kunye nomceli mngeni wokwenza ngcono into eyenziwe ngabanye, Benze ukubonakala kwezixhobo ezinje ngeprojekthi ye-GNU, iLinux, iPython kunye nezinye namhlanje ezikhokelela kumabala afana nelifu okanye ubukrelekrele bokuzenzela.