Eli qela lamanqaku lijolise xelela ibali le-Unix, inkqubo yokusebenza evule indlela yeLinux, imithombo evulekileyo evela kwi-BSD, ngokungangqalanga kwi-macOS nakwi-Android. Kodwa ukuze uqonde i-Unix kuya kufuneka uyazi imbali yeeLebhu zeLebhu, icandelo lophando lwe-AT & T.
Kuya kubakho iimeko ezimbalwa kakhulu apho Inkampani iyila ishishini ngokwalo. Iimoto, umzi mveliso wekhompyuter okanye ukwenziwa kweenqwelomoya kube ziziphumo zophando lwabantu abaninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Endaweni yoko IiLebhu zeBell kunye nabandulelayo, amasebe ophando eNtshona Electric kunye neAT & T, baphuhlise phantse yonke into efunekayo ukwenza uthungelwano lwefowuni lwala maxesha.
I-AT & T ineengcambu zayo kumqambi wefowuni ngokwakhe, uAlexander Graham Bell. Kwiintsuku zokuqala, izinto esizithathela ngoku njengethoni yokukhala, ithoni exakekileyo, ikhonkco lokuxhoma i-handset okanye ukucofa ucofa bekungekho. Kuthiwa ukuba ufuna ukwenza umnxeba kufuneka ukhwaze ulinde umntu ogqitha kufutshane nesixhobo ukuba akuphendule.
Inkampani Kwafuneka ndisombulule amawaka eengxaki yonke imihla ekungekho mntu ukhe wajongana naloo mzuzu. Ngenxa yoko wayila iqela leengcali ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya iinjineli, oosokhemisti, ifiziksi, iingcali zezibalo kunye neengcali zentsimbi phakathi kwabanye.. Abanyanzelekanga ukuba bagcine le nkqubo ikhoyo ngoku isebenza kodwa bayilungiselele ukonyuka kwemfuno. Ukongeza, ukuze ihlale ingumbuso wodwa, kuye kwafuneka yehlise iindleko.
Kwakukho imiqobo emibini ephambili ekufezekiseni ezi njongo. Iityhubhu ezincamathelayo (ngokuba siyathetha kwinqaku elandulela elir kunye neereles.
Ukudluliswa kukutshintsha kombane ovumela ukuba umbane udlule xa uvaliwe kwaye uwuthintele xa uvulekile. Ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kweswitshi kwenziwa nakwi-elektroniki.
Ukuveliswa kweetyhubhu zokucoca ibingumsebenzi we-quasi-artisanal ofuna amanyathelo amaninzi kunye nokunyamezelana okuncinci ukusilela.. Nje ukuba yakhiwe Babesebenzisa umbane kakhulu kwaye bavelisa ubushushu obuninzi. Ukudluliswa, umsebenzi wabo ibikukuqinisekisa ukuba iminxeba ifikelela kwindawo abaya kuyo kwinethiwekhi yomnxeba, tBabenonxibelelwano oluninzi lwentsimbi olwaluphelile. Ixesha layo lokuphendula belicotha.
I-physics yesimo esomeleleyo kunye nokufika kwe-transistor
I-physics yombuso oqinileyo inikezelwe ekufundeni iipropati zezinto eziphathekayo kunye nendlela ezihambelana ngayo neepropati zabo kwi-atomic scale.
Izinto eziqinileyo zenziwa kwii-atom ezixineneyo, ezinxibelelana kakhulu. Oku kunxibelelana kuvelisa oomatshini (umzekelo, ubunzima kunye nokomelela), ubushushu, umbane, amandla ombane kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Kwizixhobo ezomeleleyo zombane zihamba ngekristale ye-semiconductor eqinileyo (i-silicon, i-gallium arsenide, i-germanium) endaweni yeetyhubhu zokucoca.
Ukuba banokufumana izinto ezifanelekileyo, iiLebhu zeLebhu ukunciphisa iindleko, ixesha lokuvelisa kunye nobomi beendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iifowuni kunye ukuqinisekisa umgangatho uphawu.
Ngo-1939 baqala ukufunda izixhobo semiconductor. Ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba zibizwa ngokuba azizizo izixhobo zokuhambisa umbane njengoko kunjalo ngobhedu) okanye ii-insulators ezifanelekileyo zombane ezifana neglasi. Enye ipropathi enomdla kukuba bavumela kuphela okwangoku ukuba kudlule kwicala elinye. Kwafuneka kuphela ukufumana umbandela ophucula isandi.
Umsebenzi waphazanyiswa yiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi apho izixhobo zeBell Laboratories zazinikezelwe kunxibelelwano lomkhosi kunye nophuhliso lweetekhnoloji zokufumanisa i-radar.
Ukuqalisa umsebenzi wabo kwakhona, izazinzulu zaba nengxaki, izixhobo zeemiconductor zazingenazo iipropathi zokunyusa umgangatho. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba icandelo eliphezulu lezinto ze-semiconductor (babesebenzisa iGermanium okanye iSilicon) ukuthintela ukudlula okwangoku. Ekugqibeleni bayisombulula ingxaki ngokusebenzisa isisombululo esisebenzayo.
Emva kwexesha badala isixhobo esenziwe ngesilayidi esincinci semiconductor esimalunga nekota yesayizi yepeni kwidola ephumla kwisiseko sesinyithi. Ucingo lwaluncanyathiselwe kwisiseko ngelixa iqhekeza elincinci leplastikhi elisongelwe ngegolide lalikhombe ebusweni obuphezulu besilayidi. Kwincam kukho into encinci, ephantse ingabonakali eyenza iingcingo ezimbini ngokwahlukana okuncinci.
Esi sixhobo siza kuba sisiseko sento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-transistor kwaye iya kuba sisiseko seshishini le-elektroniki kwii-XNUMXs kunye neeXNUMXs. Baya kuvumela kwakhona ukuvela kwesizukulwana sesibini seekhompyuter zekhompyuter.