Ididdiga: 44 mafi kyawun dabaru don Linux

Wannan labarin an tsara shi ne ga waɗanda suka kasance suna “ɓarna a cikin” Linux na wani ɗan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da ɗan shakku ko matsaloli game da dandalin penguin, da kuma waɗanda suka kasance sababbi don koyon sababbin abubuwan da zasu yi a cikin GNU / Rarraba Linux. A gare su na tattara wannan darajar mafi kyawun dabaru kuma mafi amfani.

Kamar yadda kuka sani, * nix tsarukan aiki suna yin amfani da na'urar wasan sosai umarniKodayake musayar zane-zanen zamani sun bayyana kuma suna da kyau kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai, waɗannan tsarin suna da dogaro da na'urar wasan don aikin su da ƙarfin su. Yana da kyau cewa wannan al'adun gargajiyar da suka gabata ba'a rasa su ba, tunda shine ainihin abin da ke raunana sauran tsarin.

Wannan shine batun Apple Mac OS X, wanda GUI ke aikatawa da gaske da kayan aikin m. Wannan yana nufin cewa OS X ba shine irin wannan amfani da kuma tsarin aiki mai karfi ba yayin aiwatar da wasu ayyuka (misali: don yin huda, kamar Windows, wanda duk da yawan kayan aikin da ake dasu, basu da sauri da karfi…).

Da kyau, kamar yadda yin ayyuka a cikin hoto mai sauƙin sauƙi, zamu mai da hankali galibi ga dabaru zuwa na'urar taɗi kuma mu ba da jerin consejos don aiwatar da ayyuka na yau da kullun daga na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Kodayake akwai wasu ra'ayoyi masu amfani don sauran kayan aikin hoto.

Inganta kwarewarku tare da kwanson bash:

Kayan aikin Linux na kyau, Bash, abin birgewa ne yin aiki tare, kodayake mutane da yawa suna jin daɗin aiki a yanayin rubutu. Don kara fahimtarsa ​​da aiki cikin sauki, zamu koya muku wadannan dabarun tuki da zasu kawo muku sauki da aiki. Linux umarni yana da mahimmanci don samun mafi kyawun tashar ku:

• Umurnin cikawa: don na'urar ta cika sunan umarni ko file / directory kawai ta hanyar buga fewan haruffan farko, zaka iya amfani da maballin Tab. Abu ne mai sauki, buga haruffa na farko na umarni ko adireshi sannan a buga Tab don an cika shi. Idan akwai sunaye da yawa waɗanda suka dace da rubutattun haruffa, za ku iya ci gaba da danna Tab don nuna ƙarin dama ko kawai ci gaba da rubuta ƙarin haruffa.
• Tarihin umarni: Idan kun yi shakku game da tsarin aiwatar da umarnin da kuka yi amfani da su kwanan nan ko kawai kuna son dawo da shi don kaucewa sake buga shi, kuna iya amfani da tarihin umarnin da Bash ya adana (a ~ / .bash_history). Don yin wannan kawai dole ku rubuta "tarihi" ba tare da ambato ba kuma latsa ENTER. Wani zaɓi don amfani da kyawawan halaye na tarihi shine amfani da maɓallan kibiya sama da ƙasa don "kewaya" ta cikin tarihin umarni kuma sanya umarnin da aka adana ya bayyana a gaban saurin yanzu. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da maɓallin haɗin Ctrl + P da Ctrl + N don yin wannan aikin.
• Binciko umarnin da aka riga anyi amfani dasu: Godiya ga tarihin da muka karanta a sakin layi na baya, zaku iya bincika umarnin da aka yi amfani dasu a baya. Yi amfani kawai da Ctrl + R don bincike na baya ko Ctrl + S don bincike na gaba. Wannan hanyar hadewar tarihin umarni ne da tarihin kammalawa, saboda haka dole ne mu rubuta haruffan farko na umarnin da muke so mu dawo dasu.
• Share tarihi: Idan muna son share tarihin saboda wani mai amfani a ƙungiyarmu ba shi da damar yin amfani da umarnin da muka yi amfani da su ko kawai don share fayil ɗin da ya riga ya cika da umarni saboda tsananin amfani da tashar, za ku iya amfani da "tarihi -c "ba tare da ambato ba kuma an share tarihin mu (ga mai amfani na yanzu). Madadin haka, idan kuna son share tarihin gaba ɗaya, kuna iya amfani da:

cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history

• Gyara ko madaidaiciyar layin da aka riga aka rubuta: Idan mun bincika layin tarihi ko munyi amfani da kammaluwa, amma muna so mu sabunta layin don wani amfani ko kuma yadda aka tsara ba kawai ya isa ba, zamu iya amfani da Ctrl + A da Ctrl + E don matsar da siginan zuwa farkon layin ko zuwa karshen bi da bi. Idan muna son tsallake hali ta hali a wata hanya ko wata, za mu iya amfani da maɓallin kibiya na hagu ko dama. A gefe guda, idan muna son tsalle daga kalma zuwa kalma maimakon hali zuwa hali, za mu iya amfani da Ctrl + Kibiya (hagu ko dama) a kan madanninmu. Da zarar mun kai ga wani matsayi, za a iya share harafin da ke ƙarƙashin siginan tare da maɓallin Del ko wanda ke hagu tare da maɓallin Backspace. Idan muna son share haruffan daga siginan rubutun zuwa ƙarshen layin, yi amfani da Ctrl + K sannan kuma latsa Backspace. Don sharewa daga siginan kwamfuta zuwa farkon layin, yi amfani da Ctrl + X sannan kuma Backspace.
• Canza babban harafi zuwa ƙaramin ƙarami ko akasin haka: Zaka iya canza ƙaramar harafi zuwa babban ko akasin haka ta hanyar sanya siginan rubutu a inda muke so sannan danna Esc wanda C ko L ke bi.
• Kwafa da liƙa rubutu akan layin umarni: Baya ga maɓallin linzamin dama, zaku iya amfani da haɗin maɓallin Ctrl + Shift + C don kwafa da Ctrl + Shift + V don liƙawa. Af, Shift maballin sauyawa ne, amma wanda ke ƙarƙashin maɓallin "Caps Lock", ga waɗanda ba su sani ba. Kodayake kamar wauta ne, wani lokacin ba mu da linzamin kwamfuta don yin aiki kuma yana da ban sha'awa mu san waɗannan gajerun hanyoyin madannin. Misali, wannan ya faru dani a wani lokaci tare da Raspbian don Rasberi Pi, wanda ba ni da linzamin kwamfuta don haɗawa da allon.
• Rubuta: Rubutun suna da amfani sosai don sarrafa kansa ayyukan yau da kullun, kuyi tunanin kuna son ganin tarihi, share allon yanzu sannan share tarihin gaba ɗaya. Wannan na buƙatar jerin umarni kuma idan aiki ne da kuke yi yau da kullun, kuna iya sha'awar ƙirƙirar rubutun da yake yin sa gaba ɗaya kuma ta atomatik kuma kawai kuna gudanar da shi don yin wannan aikin. Don ƙirƙirar shi, muna rubuta rubutu mai zuwa tare da editan rubutu kuma adana shi tare da faɗaɗa .sh kuma mu ba shi izinin aiwatarwa. Yi tunanin misalin da muka sanya, rubutun zai kasance:

 #!/bin/bash
history
clear
cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history
echo "El historial se ha borrado. Gracias.”

• Don aiwatar da shi, kaga cewa mun sanya masa suna erasure.sh, saboda daga kundin adireshi inda yake, muna rubuta mai zuwa kuma latsa ENTER (yana adana mana rubuta tarihin umarni don nuna tarihi, bayyananne don share allon da kyanwar layi don share fayil ɗin da ke adana tarihi, kodayake wannan rubutun ba shi da ma'ana sosai, amma misali ne mai sauƙi a gare ku don fahimta):

 ./borrado.sh

Dabaru masu amfani da umarni don matsi tasharmu:

Da zarar mun san yadda za mu yi amfani da fa'idodin da bash ke ba mu don samun ƙwarewa mafi kyau, za mu iya fara amfani da kayan aikin da za a iya amfani da su ta wannan:

• San a cikin kundin adireshin cewa ni:

pwd

• Canja zuwa wani kundin adireshi:

cd /ruta/del/nuevo/directorio/o/fichero

• Koma zuwa kundin adireshi na baya:

cd ..

• Jeka kai tsaye zuwa bayanan ka ko na wani mai amfani da kuka saka:

cd ~nombre_usuario

• Je zuwa tushen adireshin:

cd /

• Airƙiri shugabanci:

mkdir nombre_directorio

• Share kundin adireshi ko fayiloli:

rmdir nombre_directorio
rm nombre_fichero

• Rubuta abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshi:

 ls 

• Duba ɓoyayyun takardu a cikin kundin adireshi:

ls -a

• Bincika fayil a cikin dukkanin tsarin:

 find / -name nombre_fichero

• Kimanta sararin da kundin adireshi yayi amfani da shi:

 du -sh /directorio

• Yi a wariyar ajiya a wani: kaga ana son yin kwafin ajiya na gida / gida sai a adana shi a cikin / temp sannan kuma ana kiran madadin kwafin1:

 dump -0aj -f /tmp/copia1.bak /home

• Irƙiri hoto na ISO na mai sauri da sauƙi faifai:

 mkisofs /dev/cdrom > nombre_imagen.iso

• Shin tsarinku ya kasance a kulle saboda wani shiri a yanayin zane? Kuna iya tilasta rufe wannan shirin da bai yi nasara ba don dawo da al'ada tare da xkill. Yakamata kawai ka buga wadannan kuma zaka ga cewa siginar linzamin kwamfuta ta rikide ta zama giciye, tare da ita ta taɓa taga ɗin da kake son tilastawa rufe shi ke nan:

 xkill

• Kana so sake sake umarnin karshe shiga? Rubuta:

 !! 

• Shigar da umarni ba tare da an adana shi zuwa tarihi bal: kawai kuna da sanya sarari a gaban umarnin da kuke son ware daga jerin tarihin. Misali, idan kuna son kada a lissafa ls a cikin tarihin bash, rubuta:

 ls 

• Nemi bayanin game da yadda ake amfani da kowane umarni:

 man nombre_comando

• Duba kayan haɗin kayan tsarin mu:

 dmidecode -q

• Nuna chalayen fasaha na diski mai wuya:

 sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

• Nuna cikakken bayani game da CPU:

 cat /proc/cpuinfo

• Kuna buƙatar kalandar mai sauri? Don samun kalanda na shekara guda, kawai rubuta mai zuwa (misali: don nuna guda ɗaya na wannan shekara):

 cal 2015

• Ko kuma idan kuna so daga wani watan, misali Oktoba:

 cal 10 2015

• Rufe tsarin a takamaiman lokaci. Ka yi tunanin cewa kana sauke wani abu wanda zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kuma kana so ka fita daga gidan. Don haka kayan aikin ba sa cin wutar lantarki har sai kun dawo kuma ba tare da barin fitowar ba a rabi, zaku iya tsara kashewa a wani takamaiman lokaci tare da wannan umarnin. Misali, kaga kana so ka kashe ta da karfe 08:50:

 shutdown -h 08:50

• San IP dinmu: Saboda wannan zamu iya amfani da umarnin ifconfig kuma mu nemi filin "inet addr:" wanda zai ƙayyade IP ɗinmu. Abu ne mai sauƙi, amma wannan yana ba mu IP ɗinmu na ciki. Idan abin da muke so shine IP na waje ko na jama'a:

 curl ifconfig.me/ip

• Tsaftace allon tasharl kar in cika ku da rubutu da yawa kuma ku sami tsabtace mahalli. Yana da amfani bayan aiwatar da umarni da yawa ko tare da wasu kayan aikin da ke dawo da bayanan rubutu da yawa waɗanda ke durkushe allo. Lokacin da baku so shi, zaku iya barin kwasfa ɗin sabo da Ctrl + L ko kuma idan kuna so:

 clear

• Sadarwa a cikin injunan kama-da-wane: Idan kayi amfani da VirtualBOX ko VMWare don tallata wani tsarin aiki, kodai Linux ko kuma daban, kana iya tunanin yadda zaka hada mahaɗan kamala (baƙo) da na zahiri (mai masaukin baki) a matakin hanyar sadarwa ko ma yadda zaka haɗa injunan kamala guda biyu wa juna. Da kyau, kawai kuna samun damar daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa na na'ura mai kama da zaɓi zaɓi NAT don ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi kai tsaye tsakanin injunan kama-da-kai guda biyu ko Bridge don sadarwa da na'ura mai kama da ta jiki. A cikin yanayin farko, ba lallai bane kuyi komai, amma idan kun zaɓi yanayin Bridge, dole ne ku saita IP ɗin baƙon don ya kasance daidai da zangon mai karɓar baƙi. Misali, kaga cewa injin ka na jiki yana da IP (zaka iya dubawa tare da ifconfig) 192.168.1.3 kuma cewa na'urar ta kama tana da wani ɓatarwar Linux. Da kyau, yakamata ku buɗe tashar masarrafan kirki sannan ku rubuta "ifconfig eth0 New_IP" ba tare da ambato ba da maye gurbin new_IP ga IP ɗin da kuke so (ku kuma tuna cewa idan kuna amfani da wata na'urar naúrar banda eth0, dole ne ku tantance ta). Wannan sabon IP ɗin dole ne ya kasance a cikin ɓangaren hanyar sadarwa ɗaya kamar na na'urar ta zahiri, don haka dole ne ya zama kamar 192.168.1.X, inda X kowane lamba yake daga 0 zuwa 255. Misali, wannan zai yi aiki a wannan yanayin:

 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10

• Saƙonnin ɓacin rai mai ban haushi: Ina ba da shawara da farko don magancewa ko sa ido a kan matsalar kuma ganin ba wani abu ne mai tsanani ba. Amma wani lokacin, wasu kurakurai a kan lokaci ko marasa lahani suna haifar da fayil ɗin kuskure wanda zai haifar da saƙo mai ɓacin rai don bayyana gargaɗinsa game da matsalar da tambayar rahoton matsalar don magance ta. Idan kana son kaucewa wannan sakon mai ban haushi na "An gano matsala ..." ko makamancin haka, zaku iya rubuta waɗannan masu zuwa:

 sudo rm /var/crash/*

• Hard drive a iyakance iyaka (kyauta sarari): don 'yantar da sarari da zaka iya amfani da shi, misali, jerin umarni masu zuwa (wannan zai share fayilolin da ba dole ba waɗanda ke ɗaukar sarari ba tare da daidaito ba)

 sudo apt-get autoclean sudo apt-get celan sudo apt-get autoremove

• Bincika samfuran da aka yi amfani da su na diski mai wuya: Don yin wannan, zamu iya amfani da umarni mai sauƙi wanda ke ba mu bayanai kan kyauta da sararin da aka yi amfani da shi na ɓangarorin yanzu, gami da kashi:

 df -H

• Gano dakunan karatu da shirin yayi amfani da su: Misali, kaga kana son ganin dakunan karatu wanda shirin "ls" ya dogara da:

 ldd /bin/ls

• Nemi kuma ka goge duk fayiloli tare da wani kari: kaga kana so ka goge duk hotunan tare da .gif tsawaita daga tsarinka (duk sunan su). Rubuta:

 find -name *.gif | xargs rm -rf

• San wane tashar jiragen ruwa muke da buɗewa: Don sanin waɗanne tashoshi muke buɗe za mu iya amfani da waɗannan umarnin biyu, ɗaya don TCP ɗayan kuma don UDP:

 nmap -sS -O
nmap -sU -O

• San abin da harsashi muke amfani da shi: kamar yadda kuka sani akwai da yawa, kodayake bash shine mafi yaduwa akwai wasu. Don sanin wanne harsashi muke aiki da shi, zaku iya rubuta umarnin mai zuwa wanda ya dawo da sunanta:

 echo $SHELL

• Bayani game da yanayin kwaya, gine-gine da kuma distro: Zamu iya sanin bayani game da nau'ikan kernel na Linux wanda muke amfani da shi, da kuma gine-ginen mai sarrafa mu da kuma rarrabawar da muke amfani da shi. Dole ne kawai ku buga:

 uname -a

• Gano idan tsarinmu yana cikin haɗari saboda kasancewar rootkits: rootkits kayan aiki ne na cutarwa kamar yadda kuka sani, waɗannan kayan aikin suna ba da damar tushen tushen ga masu amfani da ƙeta. Don gano idan tsarinmu ya kamu da ɗayan, mun zazzage wannan kunshin sannan kuma (daga kundin adireshi inda fayil ɗin da aka sauke yake, tuna amfani da cd don zuwa wurinta):

 tar -xvf chkrootkit.tar.gz
cd chkrootkit-0.49/
make sense
./chkrootkit

Ina fatan ya kasance taimako a gare ku. Kar ka manta da tsokaci don ba da ra'ayi naka kuma idan kana so, roƙe mu mu ƙara wata dabarar da kake da sha'awa. Muna buɗe wa buƙatunku.

Informationarin bayani da koyawa daga shafinmu - Mafi kyawun madadin Linux zuwa shirye-shiryen Windows, Yadda ake girka kowane kunshin akan Linux