Shigar da shirye-shirye akan Linux

Ofaya daga cikin batutuwan da ke ci gaba da haifar da matsaloli ga sabbin shiga zuwa Linux ko masu amfani da ƙarancin ilimi shi ne shigar da fakiti ko yadda ake girka shirye-shirye a cikin Linux. An warware wannan ta wani ɓangaren tare da kayan aikin kamar YaST, Cibiyar Software, Pi Store, da sauran shirye-shirye don sanya kayan aikin Linux kamar Gdebi, Synaptic, da sauransu.

Amma idan mukayi download kunshin software wadanda basa cikin rumbunan rarrabawarmu ko kuma muna son girka shirye-shirye a cikin Linux tare da wani nau'I daban da wanda muke samarwa daga tushen distro ɗinmu, abubuwa suna daɗa rikitarwa. Musamman lokacin da fakitin da aka zazzage su kwal ne da lambar tushe.

A cikin Windows, tare da Windows Installer komai ya fi sauki, haka nan babu kari da yawa binaries don shigar (.exe, .bat, .msu). Wadanda suka zo daga dandamalin Apple suma za su lura cewa Mac OS X .dmg yana da kari da yawa.

Wani mahimmin batun a cikin Linux (da sauran * nix) sune abubuwan dogaro, ma'ana, kunshin da suka dogara da wasu fakiti kuma idan ba a shigar da na karshen ba baza mu iya shigar da na farko ba. A wannan yanayin, akwai yawancin manajan kunshin da ke sauƙaƙa rayuwa da warware abubuwan dogaro kai tsaye. In ba haka ba za mu warware su da kanmu da hannu.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Yadda ake sanin IP dina a cikin Linux

Tare da wannan tutorial Ina nufin cewa duk wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci a gare ku kuma baya kawo matsala yayin girka shirye-shirye a cikin Linux. A cikin layuka masu zuwa zamuyi bayanin dukkan shahararrun kari da nau'ikan fakitoci waɗanda suke wanzu a duniyar Linux da kuma hanyar shigar dasu ta hanya mai sauƙi.

Kunshin yanar gizo da .rpm:

Linux ya kasu kashi biyu cikin manyan duniyoyi kuma fakitoci suna wakiltar shi sosai DEB da RPM. Na farko Debian ne suke amfani da shi kamar yadda Ubuntu, yayin da SuSE, Fedora, da sauransu suke amfani da na biyun.

RPM:

Idan kun kasance Novell SuSE ko a buɗeSuSE, zaka iya amfani da YaST don girka fakitin wannan nau'in. Don yin wannan, kawai kuna zuwa menu na SuSE, danna kan "System", "YaST" sannan kuma zuwa zaɓi "Shigar / cire software". Don haka za mu iya shigar da shirye-shirye a cikin Linux daga DVD ɗin distro ɗinku ko daga cibiyar sadarwar.

Idan muna da kunshin da muka zazzage, zamu iya danna-dama akan shi kuma zai bamu zaɓi don Shigar. Mai sauqi…

Labari mai dangantaka:

Kasa kwancewa RAR akan Linux

Idan muna son yin ta daga na'ura mai kwakwalwa maimakon YaST yana amfani da Zypper:

zypper install nombre_programa

A cikin Red Hat yafi ɗaya ... A gefe guda, idan kuna da Fedora ko CentOS, zaku iya amfani da YUM. Bari mu fara zuwa tare da YUM, cewa daga kundin adireshi inda kunshin yake, a cikin tashar dole ne ku rubuta:

yum install nombre_paquete

Kuma idan akwai kayan aiki na yau da kullun don shigarwa RPM Rpm ne kanta take a cikin rarrabawa da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da wannan nau'in kunshin:

rpm –i nombre_paquete.rpm

A cikin Mandriva zaku iya amfani da Cibiyar Kula da Mandriva don girka shirye-shirye ko RPMDrake. Hakanan zaka iya amfani dashi a yanayin rubutu

urpm:

urpm –i nombre_paquete.rpm

DEB:

A cikin Ubuntu, zaku iya amfani da Cibiyar Software ta Ubuntu mai sauƙi don shigar da fakiti daga rumbun hukuma. Daga Debian kuma ana iya sanya shi tare da gaba-gtk, zane-zane da sauƙi ko tare da Synaptic, waɗannan ma suna aiki akan wasu abubuwan lalata, kawai kuna girka su.

Wani kayan aiki mai ban sha'awa shine Dselect, kuma a cikin hoto don ɗaukar fakiti cikin sauƙi. Amma ga waɗanda suka fi jan kayan wasan bidiyo, za ku iya amfani da su dpkg ko dacewa (tuna don saka sudo ko aiki tare da tushen gata):

Dpkg –i nombre_paquete.deb

o

Apt-get install nombre_paquete

Amincewa wani kayan aiki ne cikakke wanda zaku iya amfani dashi ta hanyar buga abubuwa masu zuwa:

aptitude install nombre_paquete

Sauran manajojin kunshin kan distro ɗin ku:

Arch Linux da abubuwan haɓaka suna amfani da mai sarrafa kunshin mai suna pacman. Judd Vinet ne ya kirkireshi kuma yana iya warware masu dogaro da kai tsaye. Don shigar da fakiti tare da wannan manajan:

pacman –S nombre_paquete

Hoton Hoto shine ɗayan manyan manajan kunshin misali Gentoo. Yana da kamanceceniya da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta BSD kuma ya dace da POSIX da yanayin Python. Hakanan ana amfani dashi ta FreeBSD. Don shigar da kunshin tare da shi:

emerge nombre_paquete

paldo Tsarin kernel ne na Linux wanda ke amfani da mai sarrafa kunshin upkg. Jürg Billeter ne ya kirkireshi kuma don girka shirye-shirye a cikin Linux tare dashi dole ne ku rubuta:

upkg-install nombre_paquete

Pardus Linux distro yana amfani da mai sarrafa kunshin mai sauki wanda aka rubuta a Python kuma sananne ne PiSi. Yana amfani da LZMA da XZ don damfara fakiti kuma musamman fasahar Delta tana da ban mamaki, wanda ke ba da damar sauke kawai bambance-bambance tsakanin fakiti don adana bandwidth. Shigar kamar haka:

pisi install nombre_paquete

Yadda ake girke kwando:

An shirya kunshin da aka girka kai tsaye daga tushe tare da na farko, amma har yanzu suna da amfani da inganci, kayan aikin Tar (saboda haka sunan kwando) sannan kuma matse ta amfani da wasu nau'ikan tsarin matattara.

Wasu fakitin irin wannan suna zuwa da fayiloli a ciki kamar Amma yawanci haka ne lambar tushe da za a tattara kuma a girka.

Bari mu ga yadda. Abu na farko, lokacin da muke aiki daga na'ura wasan bidiyo, shine sanya kanmu a cikin kundin adireshin inda kunshin da muke son aiki dashi yake. Don wannan muna amfani da kayan aiki "cd”. Misali, idan kun zazzage kunshin kuma kuna dashi a cikin babban fayil ɗin Zazzagewa, rubuta a cikin m:

cd Descargas

Kuma da sauri zai canza tare da wannan hanyar don nuna cewa kuna cikin wannan kundin tsarin. Hakanan yakamata ku tuna cewa kuna buƙatar gata don aiwatar da wasu ayyuka kamar ./kayyade, yin, ko sanya kafa… wanda zamu gani a gaba.

Shigar da tar.gz ko tgz:

Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan kwando a ciki Slackware da Kalam, kodayake an faɗaɗa shi zuwa lambar kunshin sauran ragowar rarrabuwa. Shigar da tar.gz kamar haka (ka tuna ka gudu ./ka daidaita, yi da sanyawa tare da gata, ka sani, a matsayin tushe ko ta hanyar shirya sudo ga umurnin ...):

cd directorio_donde_se_encuentra_el_tarball
tar –zxvf nombre_paquete.tar.gz (o nombre_paquete.tgz, en caso de ser un .tgz)
cd nombre_paquete_desempaquetado
./configure
make
make install

Idan wannan bai yi aiki ba Don shigar da tar.gz, za ku iya samun damar kundin adireshin da ba a kwance ba don bincika idan akwai fayil ɗin rubutu tare da umarnin shigar da shi. Wasu lokuta, idan basu bi wannan tsarin na yau da kullun ba, masu haɓakawa sun haɗa da waɗannan nau'ikan fayilolin don bayyana abubuwan da suka dace, abubuwan dogaro, da dai sauransu.

Tar.bz2 ko .tbz2:

Yana da matukar amfani kunshin a cikin BSD kuma hakan ya yadu zuwa Linux da sauran * nix. An kunshi shi da kwalta kuma an matse shi ta amfani da BSD Zip 2. Hanyar shigar da irin wannan shirin ita ce:

cd directorio_donde_se_encuentra_el_paquete
tar –jxvf nombre_paquete.tar.bz2 (o nombre_paquete.tbz2, e incluso nombre_paquete.tbz)
cd nombre_directorio_desempaquetdo
./configure
make
make install

Wannan ya isa isa shigar da shirye-shirye akan Linux. Tabbatar kun yi amfani da shi gata don sabbin umarni.

Sauran Taskar Amsoshi:

Wani lokaci kayan tarihin tef ko fayil mara tarfe mara nauyi. Wannan nau'in kunshin yana kiyaye bayanan da suka wajaba don dawo da fayilolin da ke ciki sosai da kuma kwance shi, yakamata ku yi wannan:

tar xvf nombre_paquete.tar

Sannan nemi fayil mai suna KARANTA.txt (ko makamancin haka) a cikin kundin adireshin da ba a kwance ba kuma nemi umarnin shigarwa. A yadda aka saba game da yin hanya irin ta waɗanda suka gabata ...

Tar.xz ko .xz ko .txz:

Kwanan nan na kara ganin wannan mutumin. Don aiki tare da wannan nau'in kunshin dole ne ku sami kayan aikin xz-kayan aiki shigar. Don kwance kayan aiki da girka su, yi amfani da:

tar Jxvf nombre_paquete.tar.xz

o

Xz –d nombre_paquete.tar.xz
Tar –xf nombre_paquete.tar

o

Unxz nombre_paquete.xz

Kuma da zarar an buɗe, ana bincika fayil README.txt ko INSTALL.txt don ganin dalla-dalla game da shigarwa, wanda yawanci al'ada ce ./ daidaita, yi, kuma sanya shigarwa. Kodayake wani lokacin ana iya amfani da cmake.

.gz ko .gzip ko .bzip2:

con Zip din GNU fakitoci na nau'in .gz ko .gzip za a iya matsa su. Ana kula da waɗannan kamar yadda aka shirya kunshin BSD Zip 2 tare da .bzip2 ƙari. Don ma'amala da irin wannan kunshin, dole ne mu sami kayan aiki marasa ƙarfi da bunzip2 a cikin tsarinmu:

gunzip –c nombre_paquete.gz
bunzip2 nombre_papuete.bz2

Sauran shine kwatankwacin matakan da aka gani tare da kwando na baya… Tabbatar da ganin fayilolin README ko INSTALL da suke nan.

.tar.lzma, .tlz:

Ko ya bayyana ta dogon sunan sa, .tar.lzma, ko kuma idan ya bayyana ta gajeriyar sunanshi .tlz, waɗannan fakitin suna amfani da matattarar matattarar Lempel-Ziv-Markov tare da cire su da girka su, dole ne ku rubuta a cikin na'urar wasan bidiyo (a baya kuna buƙatar shigar da kunshin lzma):

unlzma nombre_fichero.lzma

o

lzma -d file.lzma

o

tar --lzma -xvf file.tlz

o

tar --lzma -xvf file.tar.lzma

Dogaro da tsarin da aka gabatar mana da kunshin. Sannan zaku iya duba wasu fayilolin rubutu ciki tare da umarni ko bi matakan da muka bayyana don girka sauran ƙwallan ƙwallon ƙafa (./config, sa, sa kafa). Wani kyakkyawan aikin shine kallon Yanar gizo mai tasowa, inda akwai koyarwar yadda ake girka fakitin ko kuma akwai shafukan yanar gizo na Wiki masu dauke da bayanai da yawa.

* Lura: Hakanan zaka iya shigar da wasu fakitin kunshe tare da kayan aikin da ake kira shigar.kk.

Yadda za a shigar da fakitin binary:

.jar:

Don sanyawa fakitin java yana da kyau kai tsaye. Abubuwan da ake buƙata a bayyane suke, don shigar da Oracle Java mai kama da na'ura (ko dai JRE ko JDK). Don girka shi dole ne mu latsa tare da maɓallin linzamin dama na dama kuma zaɓi "Bude tare da wani aikace-aikacen”Daga jerin menu. Taga zai bayyana tare da jerin aikace-aikace a cikin tsarinmu da layin fom da ke ƙasa don rubuta ɗaya. Da kyau, a cikin wannan sarari kun rubuta “java - jar "Ba tare da ambato ba, gami da sarari bayan jar da na bari. Sannan zaka danna maballin "Buɗe”Kuma ya kamata ya gudana ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kamar yadda kake gani, ba lallai bane a girka shi.

.bin:

Za mu iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar danna su sau biyu don buɗe su, idan da a baya mun ba su izinin izini. Don yin wannan, danna tare da maɓallin linzamin kwamfuta na dama akan fayil ɗin sannan je zuwa "Propiedades”Don sanya izinin izini a cikin shafin«Gafara dais ». Hakanan za'a iya shigar dashi daga na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta hanyar yin waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:

cd directorio_donde_está_el_binario
./nombre_binario.bin

.gudu:

Ga .run zamu ci gaba ta irin wannan hanyar zuwa .bin. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin don direbobi, kamar su AMD Catalyst Center. Don shigar da shi zaka iya amfani da na'urar wasan bidiyo:

cd directorio_donde_está_el_paquete
sh ./nombre_paquete.run

Ka tuna sanya izini na aiwatarwa kafin nan. Hakanan, wasu suna buƙatar gudanar da su tare da gata, a cikin wani yanayi suyi shi azaman tushe ko tare da sudo.

Idan kana son shigar da .run a cikin yanayin zane, za ku iya danna-dama a kansa sannan ku zabi "Propiedades", Sannan a cikin shafin"Izini"Alamu"Bada damar gudanar da fayil din azaman shiri”Kuma kun yarda da rufewa. Yanzu idan ka ninka sau biyu akan .run zaka ga cewa mai saka kayan yayi kamanceceniya da wadanda yake cikin Windows yana budewa (rubuta Na gaba, Na Gaba, Yayi…).

Yadda ake girka rubutun:

.sh:

A cikin Linux za mu iya samun rubutun tare da kari .sh ko .py. Don shigar da irin wannan rubutun za mu je ga kundin adireshi inda aka samo rubutun tare da umarnin "cd" kamar yadda muka gani a baya. ido! Idan rubutun yana kunshe, da farko kunce shi ko cire shi. Bayan haka, zaku iya ba shi izinin aiwatarwa kamar yadda kuka riga kuka sani (kuna iya yin hakan a cikin hoto ko daga tashar tare da umarnin “sunan chmod + x rubutun_"ba tare da ambaton alamomi). Da zarar suna da izinin kisa, daga m:

sh nombre_script.sh

o

./nombre_script.sh

.py:

Don fayiloli tare da tsawo .py dole ne a kira mai fassara yaren shirye-shiryen Python. Don yin wannan, buga a cikin wasan bidiyo wannan:

python nombre_script.py install

Sauran:

Akwai wasu nau'ikan fayiloli da fakiti don girka shirye-shirye a cikin Linux. Ana iya sanya wasu fakitoci daga BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, da sauran * nix akan Linux. Misalin wannan sune Solaris .pkg. Don girka .pkg zaka iya danna su tare da maɓallin linzamin dama, je zuwa “Propiedades"Kuma"Izini”Kuma sanya zartar masa da izini. Sannan ka ninka sau biyu akansu dan girka su.

Hakanan akwai kayan aikin kamar Dan hanya don canzawa daga tsari ɗaya zuwa wani, misali daga rpm zuwa deb, da dai sauransu. Wannan ba a ba da shawarar sosai kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli a wasu lokuta. Don haka ban ba da shawarar ba.

Ci gaba tare da gibberish ɗin kunshin Linux, don faɗi cewa akwai waɗanda suka fi waɗanda aka gani a nan yawa, amma sun fi yawa da baƙon abu. Misalin rarity shine .slp suna amfani da shi daga aikin Stampede Linux. Don canza .slp zuwa wasu hanyoyin da aka fi sani zaka iya amfani da Alien (wanda aka riga aka girka baƙon) kamar haka:

sudo alien nombre_paquete.slp nombre_paquete.extensión_nueva generated

Alal misali, don canzawa daga .slp zuwa rpm:

sudo alien miprograma.slp miprograma.rpm generated

Kuna iya barin maganganunku tare da buƙatun, shakku ko tsokaci. Idan kuna da wasu matsalolin bin matakai a cikin wannan darasin, zan yi farin cikin taimaka muku.