Ukuqala kokuphela. I-prehistory ye-Unix ingxenye 9

I-Bell Labs yahlala ososayensi abambalwa abahlakaniphe kakhulu esizukulwaneni sabo. Abanye baze baba nezikhundla zokuphatha enkampanini engumzali. Kodwa noma kunjalo, abakwazanga ukubona ushintsho olwenzeka eduze kwabo. Ushintsho obekuwumthwalo omkhulu weBell Labs. Qonda le ndaba kuyosisiza ukuba siqonde kungani i-Unix yaba uhlelo lokusebenza lwereferensi, futhi kungani esikhundleni sokuyisebenzisa namuhla amakhompyutha amaningi asebenzisa ukuvuselela noma ukukhuthazas. Kulabo abalufunayo, uma ngiqeda lolu chungechunge nangaphambi kokuqala ngomlando we-Unix, ngithembisa ukushicilela imithombo yezincwadi.

Ukuqala kokuphela kwesikhungo

Abaphathi be-AT&T benze izono ezimbi kakhulu. Bakhohlwe ukuthi banenkampani. Babheke ukubusa kwabo njengesikhungo saseMelika esisezingeni likaphayi wama-apula, iziqhumane zangoJulayi 4, noma umdlalo webhola lezinyawo wokubonga. Bancamela ukungazinaki izimpawu zokuthi kukhona osopolitiki nezikhulu ezizimisele ukubakhumbuza (Lokho kuzoba yingxenye yesihloko esilandelayo) kodwa, kwadingeka babhekane nakho lapho kungabathengi baseMelika ngokwabo abathumela umlayezo ngokucacile.

Lapho, eshumini lesibili leminyaka lekhulu lama-XNUMX, uTheodore Vail ethatha izintambo zenkampani, wanquma ukushiya uhlelo lokukhulisa olunolaka lwabanduleli bakhe futhi. vumelana ngemibandela yokubusa yedwa neziphathimandla zikazwelonke nezifundazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi i-monopoly yaba nengqondo njengoba ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ekwakheni isistimu yezokuxhumana edidiyelwe (ikakhulukazi endaweni ebanzi futhi ehlukahlukene njengaleyo yase-USA) yayitholakala kuphela ezinkampanini ezinkulu noma ohulumeni.

U-Vail akuyena kuphela owaphakamisa iziphathimandla ukuthi kudalwe abalawuli. Wabafundisa nokuthi yini okufanele bayilawule. Yasungula inhloso yokunikeza isevisi eyisisekelo ezingeni lendawo ngamanani akholekayo.. Ukuxhumana kwamabanga amade bekuyisidingo esikhulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingakhokha amanani aphezulu.

Ngamangala lapho ngithola ukuthi enye yemithombo yemali ye-AT & T yayingahlangene nezokuxhumana kodwa ngezezimali.. Inkampani ithole imali ebolekiwe esezingeni eliphansi ukuze ixhase ukufakwa kwezintambo nemishini. Ngokulandelayo, baxhaswe ngezimali kumakhasimende ngamanani aphezulu kancane, okugcina umehluko.

Izinguquko, konke kuyashintsha

Ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX kwaba sobala kwabaningi ukuthi isimiso kwakufanele sishintshe. Ukwandiswa kwenethiwekhi yemigwaqo, ukuthandwa kwezimoto, ukukhululwa kwabesifazane kanye nenani labantu ababone umhlaba ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili kwaveza izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini.

Okokuqala, intsha yaqala ukufuna izindlela zokuzihlukanisa nabazali bayo. Okwesibili, abantu bajwayela ukuhamba kude nasekhaya. Lapho kwakhiwa i-monopoly, umgomo wawuwukuba abantu basebenzise ucingo edolobheni labo. Manje yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezingcingweni zamabanga amade. Inkinga yayiwukuthi ohlelweni olucatshangwayo luka-Vail, ezokuxhumana zamabanga amade zixhase izingcingo zasendaweni njengoba uhlelo lubonwa njengenethiwekhi yamanethiwekhi endawo.

Futhi, masingakhohlwa isiphithiphithi esibangelwe umngane uShannon ngokubonisa ukuthi ngohlelo olufanayo lwezingcingo kungenzeka kanjani ukudlulisa amasignali evidiyo nedatha.

I-AT&T ishanele inkinga ngaphansi komatha. Esikhundleni sokuchaza kabusha isevisi yayo njengenethiwekhi eyodwa yokudlulisa izinhlobo eziningi zedatha futhi igxile ebangeni elide, inqume ukuphindaphinda imizamo yayo ebhizinisini lendabuko. Kunjalo, ukwenza okokuqala bekuyosho izingxoxo nabalawuli bezwe kanye nezwe, futhi ekugcineni bayeke ukubusa.

Le yindlela inkampani eyaqala ngayo umkhankaso onolaka wokuthi abantu basebenzise ucingo kakhulu futhi baze baqashe ulayini wesibili noma wesithathu.. I-Western Electric yenza i-Apple enkulu ngokuklama amagajethi abehlobisa. Waze wazama (futhi wehluleka) ukuthengisa i-videophone emakethe yezinkampani.

Njengomvuzo waqala ukunikeza izaphulelo kubasebenzisi bezingcingo ezinkulu zebanga elide.

Okuhle ngonxiwankulu ukuthi umuntu uhlale ebona isidingo bese esanelisa, inqobo nje uma kunenzuzo futhi kungakhathalekile ukuthi imiphi imithetho evimbela lokho. I-AT&T yavinjelwa ukungena emakethe yamakhompiyutha futhi yayizinikele kakhulu elungelweni elilodwa kangangokuthi yagwema izinto zokumaketha ezingakhonjwa njengekhompyutha. Nokho, ezinye izinkampani Naphezu kwezithiyo ezingokomthetho, abazange banqikaze ukuthengisa ukushintshaniswa kwezingcingo okuzenzakalelayo kanye namamodemu ashibhile kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amajaji ayezovuna lezi zinkampani, azenze zibe semthethweni.

Uyasikhumbula izaphulelo kumakholi amazwe ngamazwe kubasebenzisi abakhulu? Ngokushesha othile wathola ibhizinisi lokudayisa. Ithenge amasu edatha amakhulu futhi yawasika ukuze abasebenzisi ngabanye bazuze ezindlekweni eziphansi. Futhi i-AT&T yehlulekile ukuyivimba.

Ekugcineni kwafika ukwehla kwamandla emali. Amazinga aphansi ezezimali inkampani eyawazuza ayinto yesikhathi esidlule. Futhi, njengoba engakwazi ukukhuphula izindleko zabasebenzisi, Okwake kwaba yindlela yokuthola imali manje sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba.

Ngiyathembisa, esinye isihloko futhi siza ku-Unix.

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