Ukubuyekezwa kwezindawo ezihamba phambili zedeskithophu zango-2015

Isibonisi sokuqhafaza noma i-GUI (Isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza) Kunoma yisiphi isikhombimsebenzisi se-software esibonisa iqoqo lezithombe nezinto ezicacile ukumela imininingwane nokuxhumana nazo. Isoftware yakudala kakhulu ibingenayo i-GUI futhi konke kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-CLI (Command Line Interface) noma isikhombimsebenzisi somugqa womyalo kumodi yombhalo. Kuze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70 lapho iqembu eStanford University eliholwa nguDouglas Engelbart lenza isikhombimsebenzisi esilawulwa ngegundane.

Umqondo wathuthukiswa ngonjiniyela eXerox PARC ngemishini yabo kwathi ngo-1973 bazokwethula ikhompyutha yokuqala yomuntu siqu ne-GUI, yize bekungeke kube ngo-1981 lapho iXerox izokwakha uhlelo lokuqala lokuhweba ngale GUI. Ukuvakashela iXerox kwakwanele ku-Apple, neqembu elaliholwa nguJef Raskin ukukopisha umqondo wokudala i-Apple Lisa ngo-1983 enesibonisi sokuqhafaza iXerox ebonakala ingaboni amandla amaningi futhi ingathathanga kakhulu ...

UMicrosoft, owayencintisana ngqo no-Apple ngaleso sikhathi, wayazi nokuthi angakopisha kanjani imibono ka-Apple yokuqalisa iWindows 1.0 ngo-1985, isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza semishini yayo ye-DOS ye-IBM PC. Futhi yize indaba inde futhi ithakazelisa, ngeke sigxile kuyo. Vele usho ukuthi selokhu yasungulwa, izixhumi ezibonakalayo zokuqhafaza seziguqukile futhi zashintsha kakhulu. Umsebenzi onzima okwamanje wenziwa ukuze ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ZUI (Zooming User Interface), i-GUI ehlanganisa i-2D ne-3D ezoletha ukuthuthuka kungekudala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvela kwezikrini zokuthinta kanye nemfashini yamadivayisi eselula afana nama-Smartphones, ama-phablets nama-tablest, ama-GUI endabuko kuye kwadingeka aguquke ukuguqula nokuzivumelanisa nezikhathi ezintsha. Ngokulinganayo ukusebenza ku-NUI (Isixhumanisi Somsebenzisi Semvelo), okungukuthi, izixhumi zokuxhumana zomsebenzisi lapho izikrini zokuthinta, amagundane, noma okokufaka okokufaka (amakhibhodi, izinti zokuthokozisa, izilawuli, izitayela, ...) kusala ngemuva lapho ama-GUI ajwayelekile ancike ekusebenzeni ngokuthinta, izwi, ukubonwa kobuso, njll. Isibonelo se-NUI uhlelo lwe-Xbox Kinect.

Ukusebenza

Ukufingqa nokwenza lula ukusebenza nokusebenza kwe-GUI, ukusho ukuthi amakhompyutha namadivayisi asebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza enza izenzo ezifanayo nezinhlelo zangaphambilini nezakudala ezazisebenzisa i-interface line line. Kuphela manje sekuyinto enembile futhi esikhundleni sokufaka umyalo ungenza isenzo usebenzisa ukhiye, igundane noma ngokuthinta isikrini.

Isibonelo, lapho usohlelweni olungenayo i-GUI ubufuna ukukopisha ifayela «example.txt» lisuke / ekhaya umkhombandlela liye / directory lwemibhalo, Ngafaka umyalo olandelayo ku-CLI:

cd /home

cp ejemplo.txt /home/documentos

Manje nje phequlula izinkomba zesistimu sibonga umphathi wefayela wohlelo lwethu kuze kufike lapho ufika khona / ekhaya, chofoza igundane kusithonjana sefayela «example.txt» (okungeyona into edwetshiwe esebenza njengesixhumanisi nokumelela ifayili langempela) futhi chofoza kwikhophi bese uya enkombeni yendawo oya kuyo bese uyinamathisela. Noma ungavula futhi izinkomba zombili esibukweni bese usihudula ... Kepha empeleni, le nqubo ixhunywe kumyalo wangaphambilini kanye nomyalo othi "ukungena ngokwakho" ngaphandle kokuthi uqaphele noma kufanele ukuthayiphe.

Ngakho-ke imishini yenza isenzo esifanayo ncamashi ukwedlula ezinhlelweni ezine-CLI, kuphela ngokufunwa okuphezulu kwezinsizakusebenza zehadiwe ngenxa yokucubungula lolu ungqimba lomfanekiso ... Okungukuthi, engifuna ukuba ukuqonde ukuthi i-GUI ayilutho ngaphandle kongqimba olungabonakali olusekelwa yi-CLI kunokuthi isekhona ezinhlelweni zesimanje zokusebenza, i-terminal noma i-console isinqamuleli sokusebenza nohlelo lwe-CLI ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-GUI.

Izindawo zedeskithophu

Uma ukhuluma nge-GUI kungumqondo ojwayelekile, uhlelo lungaba nokusebenziseka okucacile komsebenzisi, kepha uma lokhu kuhlangana kungokwesistimu yokusebenza uqobo kumele sikhulume ngakho "Imvelo yedeskithophu" noma i-DE (Imvelo yedeskithophu). I-DE iqoqo lesoftware enikeza isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo phakathi komsebenzisi nohlelo olusebenzayo. Yenziwe ngumphathi wewindi (yenza amawindi avele), i-graphical server (ehlanganisa okokufaka kanye nemiphumela), idonse futhi ilahle ukusebenza, nezinto ezijwayelekile zemidwebo ye-GUI njengezithonjana, amabha wamathuluzi, amamenyu, amawijethi, amaphephadonga, njll.

Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Apple Mac OS X sinezindawo ezihlukile zedeskithophu, ngoba i-Apple yakhela eyodwa kuphela yalezi ngohlelo lwayo, njenge-Aqua. IMicrosoft yenza okufanayo kwiWindows, awukwazi ukukhetha phakathi kwe-DE eyodwa noma enye, njengoba iWindows XP ibineLuna, Aero yeWindows Vista, Metro UI (Modern User Interface) yeWindows 8, njll. Ngokuphambene, kwezinye izinhlelo ze-nix, njengalezo ezisuselwa ku-Linux kernel, kungahle kube khona ama-DE amaningi futhi ungakhetha phakathi kwamaningana (KDE, GNOME, Xfce, Unity, ...).

iso! Ideskithophu ayifani nemvelo yedeskithophu. Isibonelo, iPlasma noma i-GNOME Shell noma i-Unity kungama-desktops hhayi "izindawo zedeskithophu" noma ngabe sizifakile kanjalo lapha. 

Izindawo ezihamba phambili ze-Linux Desktop zango-2015

Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ngenza okukodwa kwalokhu kuqhathanisa noma ukuhlaziywa, ngiphikelela entweni efanayo, imvelo yedeskithophu enhle kakhulu oyithanda kakhulu. Lesi akusona isikhundla lapho kukhethwa khona okuhle kakhulu, ngoba bonke banokubi nobuhle. Ukukhetha kungokomuntu siqu futhi lapha sizobethula kuphela, noma kungebona bonke, kepha okuphawuleka kakhulu. Y ukuze ukusatshalaliswa kwakho kweLinux kungafani nesithombe esedlule, kungcono ube nomunye wabo ...

Ukuze ungenzi uhlu lube lude kakhulu, ngoba kuningi phakathi kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu nezimfoloko ezivelile, sizokhetha u-10. Izindawo eziphawuleka kakhulu zedeskithophu ye-Linux yale 2015 Yilezi ezilandelayo:

Indawo yokusebenza yePlasma

Ungasho ukuthi i-KDE Plasma Workspace, noma yaziwa nje ngokuthi iPlasma (ngaphambili i-KDE), kuyimvelo yedeskithophu yaseYurophu ngokusebenza kahle. Uhlobo lwayo lokuqala lwethulwe ngo-1998, lususelwa ohlakeni lwe-Qt, olubhalwe ku-C ++ futhi lusebenzisa iDolphin njengomphathi wefayela, ngaphezu kokusekelwa kubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe be-KDE Frameworks lapho kwakhiwa khona ideskithophu nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Le phrojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1996 nguMatthias Ettrich futhi njengawo wonke umthombo ovulekile, okhishwe ngaphansi kwelayisense ye-LGPL. Ngokubambisana ne-GNOME ingenye yezingqalabutho ngakho-ke inokusekelwa okuningi futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kuhlala njalo nepulatifomu yonke ezungezile enezicelo eziningi ezifana ne-KMail, Amarok, Calligra Suite, KDevelop, Konsole, Konqueror, Kate , njll.

Futhi kokuthunyelwe okuncane ngale ndaba, isifinyezo se-KDE yisifinyezo sesifinyezo esithi K Desktop Environment futhi manje asisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kudeskithophu, kepha eqenjini lokuthuthukisa iPlasma. Ngenkathi kwethulwa i-KDE 4 lokhu kuguqulwa kwegama kwathathwa futhi i-KDE 5 ayikaze ibe khona. Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kwePlasma kunemvelo yedeskithophu engalungiswa kakhulu, enamandla, yanamuhla futhi yize iyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi esithuthukile, ngakho-ke ayithathwa njengendawo yedeskithophu engasindi, ingasebenza kwi-hardware endala noma engenamandla ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

I-GNOME

Kanye ne-KDE, i-GNOME ingenye yezindawo ezinhle nezinkulu zedeskithophu. Kwaqalwa nguMiguel de Icaza noFederico Mena njengengxenye yephrojekthi ye-GNU futhi igama layo livela Imvelo Yesimo Se-Gnu Network Object. Ukwethulwa kwayo kokuqala kubuyele emuva ku-1999, ngakho-ke kuyiphrojekthi yomakadebona omncane kune-KDE futhi yakhiwe ku-C, C ++, Python, Vala, Genie naseJavaScript.

Kokubili i-GNOME kanye nokuphuma kwayo, ngokungafani ne-KDE, uncike ku-GTK +, uchungechunge lwemitapo yolwazi yokwakha ama-GUI ahlukile ku-Qt. Kepha njenge-KDE, inomphakathi obanzi wokuthuthukisa nokusekela, kanye nenqwaba yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezenzelwe le ndawo. Futhi inezandiso ezingakhulisa ukusebenza kwayo futhi ilula futhi iqonde, kepha ayinayo imisebenzi ethile futhi uhlelo lwayo lokulawulwa kokunweba lungahle lube lubi kakhulu kunolo lomncintiswano.

MATE

Ngokuya ngekhodi le-GNOME 2, UMATE imfoloko eqhamuka ezingxabanweni nokungaphatheki kahle ngezinguquko ze-GNOME 3. Kuyindawo elula nehlanzekile engasebenza kumakhompyutha amadala noma ngezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke ithathwa njengendawo ekhanyayo yedeskithophu. Futhi yize isebenza kahle kakhulu, mhlawumbe umphakathi osekela le phrojekthi awumkhulu njengowe-KDE noma i-GNOME.

Trinity

Kuyimfoloko ye-KDE, njenge-MATE ivela ku-GNOME. Lapho izinguquko zenzeka ku-KDE 4, kwakukhona nokungahambisani nokungahambi kahle phakathi kwabasebenzisi futhi u-Trinity wavela ukuqhubeka nekhodi ye-KDE 3. Ngakho-ke kuyindlela enhle kubathandi bokubukeka kwe-KDE yakudala futhi abanemishini emincane enamandla noma eyedlula kancane.

Xfce

Kungumsebenzi oneminyaka eminingi yentuthuko. I-Xfce isuselwa ku-GTK + futhi ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ngo-1996 ngcono njalo. Yindawo eyenziwe lula futhi esetshenziswa kalula, kepha uphawu lwayo oluphambili nefilosofi ngemuva kwalomsebenzi ukukhanya. Kungakho ilungele imishini enezinsiza eziphansi noma ezindala. Manje isilungisiwe futhi yanikezwa ukubukeka okufanayo kwi-Mac OS X, nedokodo ezansi kanye nebha phezulu ...

I-LXDE

I-LXDE iphuma ngo-2006 futhi iyi-super light DE, elungiselelwe ngokuphelele ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezimbalwa kakhulu futhi isebenze kumishini ene-hardware engenamandla kangako noma eyedlula kancane. Yenziwe ngezifiso kalula, iqinile futhi ilula, ngokubukeka okungenzeka kukhumbuza kakhulu ama-DEs akudala noma iWindows, ngakho-ke kungumqondo omuhle wabaqalayo.

Ukukhanya

Kukholwe noma ungakukholwa Ukukhanyiselwa kucishe kube okwakudala njenge-GNOME ne-KDEYize ithole inzalo encane emphakathini futhi kungenzeka ingabi nabathuthukisi abaningi abanentshisekelo kule phrojekthi njengamadesktophu amakhulu. Yaqalwa ngonyaka we-1997 ngenhloso yokwakha ideskithophu engasindi evuseleleke ngokwehluzo nangokubona okuhle.

Kukude namanye amadeski, ngakho-ke kunjalo kuyathakazelisa kulabo abafuna okuhlukile kumadeski wendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaguqulwa ibekwe ezingeni eliphakeme futhi noma ingahle ibe semaceleni uma iqhathaniswa nezimbangi ezinkulu, amanye ama-distros ayifakile ngokuzenzakalela ...

I-Cinnamon

I-Cinnamon, ngeSpanishi "i-canela", ngokusekelwe ku-GNOME Shell futhi edalwe ngabathuthukisi be-Linux Mint ngo-2012 ukuze babe nemvelo yedeskithophu evelele yalokhu kusabalalisa okudumile. Yize iphrojekthi iheha kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa kwamanye ama-distros. Ngasohlangothini lwayo, kufanele ngithi inezici eziningi ezinama-desktops afana ne-GNOME noma i-Unity.

Kuyasebenza, kwenziwa ngezifiso kakhulu, ujwayelene nezimfuno ezintsha zabasebenzisi banamuhla bokuba iphrojekthi entsha, ipholishwe kakhulu, njll. Phakathi kokubi kwayo inokubakhona kwamaphutha athile angahle alungiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha kufanelekile futhi ama-applet awo namadeski (amawijethi wedeskithophu) angakubamba.

Unity

Ubunye kungumsebenzi omuhle we-Canonical futhi kususelwa ku-GNOME futhi kungathathwa njenge- "imvelo yedeskithophu" futhi ngiyibeka kuzingcaphuno ngoba singangena ukuxoxa ngalokhu ... Mhlawumbe ukufana okuningi nezindawo ze-Apple kudonsela ukunakwa, njengebha ephezulu, isiqalisi (yize kunjalo ayikho ngezansi njenge-OS X dock) yezinhlelo zokusebenza, iDash yakho, njll. Okuhlangenwe nakho kungitshela ukuthi isiqalisi sikwazi ukugcina isithonjana sedeskithophu sihlanzekile, kunezinye izindawo zedeskithophu noma amasistimu wokusebenza kuvame ukuhlasela yonke indawo enqamulelayo, yezimpawu nezinkomba.

Ngokungafani namanye amaphrojekthi, Ubunye busetshenziswa ku-Ubuntu kuphela. Kepha kuveza isipiliyoni esihle kakhulu somsebenzisi kulabo abadinga ukuba nakho konke okuseduze, okwenziwe ngokwezifiso uma izinhlelo zokusebenza zifakelwe zona (ngoba ngeshwa, nalokho ekuhlanganisa ngokuzenzakalela akukwazi ukwenziwa kube kukhulu kakhulu), enembile kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe bemizuzu yokugcina, njll. Ngokumelene nayo ingahle ibe nohlelo lwayo lwezaziso, olungathuthukiswa nokunye ukungahambelani okufanele kupholishiwe.

onkulunkulu

I-Pantheon yiphrojekthi encane kunazo zonke ezake zabonwa kuze kube manje kulolu hlu. Yakhiwa yithimba le-elementaryOS ngo-2013 njenge-DE ehlukile, ezimele yodwa, esekwe kwi-GTK3. Kungakukhumbuza okuningi kwe-Apple Mac OS X ngokufana kwayo futhi kuyadunyiswa ngokuhlanzeka kakhulu, ukubukeka kwesimanje kakhulu, futhi kulula.

Kwezinye izindlela kungakukhumbuza nobunye, kepha inemenyu enziwe ngezifiso, imiphumela yedeskithophu engaqondakali, ukuhambisana okuhle, ukukhanya ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo, enembile yabaqalayo, i-minimalist, njll. Iphinde ifake izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezizenzakalelayo ezifana nesiphequluli sayo sewebhu seMidori, iklayenti layo le-imeyili leGeary, isidlali somsindo seNoise, iSwitchboard njengePhaneli Yokulawula, isiqalisi esibizwa ngeSlingshot, iDock esibizwa ngePlank, nomphathi wefayela obizwa ngePantheon Files.

Amanye amatafula amaningi ahlala emapayipini, amanye enobuhlakani futhi amancane azalelwe ukwephula okwendabuko. Njenge-Deepin Desktop Environment ebhalwe ku-HTML5 futhi isuselwa ku-GNOME, leyo eyethulwe yiSolus Project (ngaphambi kwe-Evolve OS), iPapyros (ngaphambi kwe-Quantum OS) ngesinye isibonelo ngomsebenzi abawenzile besebenzisa i-Google Design Material, noma izixazululo ezinikezwe ngonjiniyela we-Ozon OS, okuncane kangako okwagcina ... 

Ungakhohlwa ukushiya imibono yakho, iziphakamiso nemibono… Ngiyathemba ukuthi le ndatshana ethobekile ikusizile ukuthi ukhethe i-DE yakho oyithandayo uma kwenzeka ungakhethi.