UMikel Etxebarria ungumbhali wemanyuwali ezisekelweni ezivulekile zehadiwe ezifana nencwadi I-Aurdino: ubuchwepheshe obufinyelela kuwo wonke umuntu, izifundo zokuqeqesha nge-elekthronikhi, ama-microcontroller kanye ne-Arduino, njll., ngaphezu komakhi we MK Ezobuchwepheshe, indawo lapho ungathola khona ukuqeqeshwa kulolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe kanye namakhithi namadivayisi ongazijwayeza nokufunda ngawo. Futhi manje eLxA sithole ithuba lokuxoxa naye kuphela ngebhulogi yethu ...
Ukunethezeka okubheka ukubaluleka kwalolu hlobo lwamadivayisi wehadiwe avulekile wokuthuthukisa inqwaba yamaphrojekthi we-DIY, futhi ikakhulukazi uma sibheka ukuthi amapulatifomu afana ne-Arduino ne-Raspberry Pi asebenza njengamandla amathuluzi wokufundisa. Uma unesibindi sokwazi okwengeziwe ngoMikel, umsuka womsebenzi wakhe nokunye okuningi, ngiyakukhuthaza ukuthi ufunde ingxoxo yethu:
LinuxAdictos: Wazalwa kanjani u-MK Electronica?
Mina: UMiguel Etxebarria: Yize iMK Electrónica (MKE) isanda kwenziwa (i-2018), empeleni siyizindlalifa eziqondile ze-veteran Programmed Microsystems Engineering (MSE). Ngenxa yenkinga sonke esihlupheke ngayo, i-MSE yawuyeka umsebenzi wayo ngonyaka owedlule, ngonyaka we-2017. Kodwa-ke, kwasala inhlansi, amalahle amancane asivumela ukuthi sigcine ilangabi livutha nokukhohlisa ngobuchwepheshe.
Futhi yilapho esikhona. EMK Electrónica sitakule imikhiqizo eyizifanekiselo kakhulu ye-MSE, siyakha, siyamaketha futhi sibanikeze ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Siphinde sisabalalise imikhiqizo nezinsiza ezivela ezinkampanini zethu ezimelwe futhi, njengoba kungenakuba ngenye indlela, siyaqhubeka nokuzenzela imikhiqizo yethu emisha. Eqinisweni, kuze kube manje kulo nyaka, sesivele sinemibili emisha kukhathalogi yethu: ipulatifomu ye-Micro Lab nekhadi lokulawula le-ArduPIC.
Ngamafuphi, sizama ukuqhubekela phambili futhi sisebenzele othisha, abafundi, abenzi nabalandeli bebonke.
I-LxA: Kungani i-didactic electronics?
ME: Sonke ebesiyingxenye, ngaphambi kwe-MSE, futhi manje iMK Electronics, sibe nobudlelwano obukhulu noma obuncane nezwe lemfundo amashumi eminyaka. Ngalezo zinsuku besihlala sinomuzwa wokuthi izingxenye namathuluzi adingekayo ukumboza isici esisebenzayo ku-electronics / okukhethekile kukagesi kwakunzima, kunzima ukuthola futhi kubiza kakhulu. Ibiza kuphela izikhungo, izikhungo noma izinkampani, kepha hhayi izitshudeni noma abalandeli.
Ngikhumbula amalabhoratri abizayo okuzama nokuzijwayeza amasekethe kagesi / kagesi, amasistimu wokuthuthukisa wokuqamba nokuklama izinhlelo ezincike kuma-microprocessors / microcontroller, intengo yanoma iyiphi into noma isekethe elihlanganisiwe ebelivela kancane kokujwayelekile. ube nenhlanhla yokuthola kucace), izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zamathuluzi esoftware nabahlanganisi abadingekayo ukubhala izinhlelo zakho, njll. Labo abanjengami "abakama izinwele ezimpunga" bayazi ukuthi ngikhuluma ngani. Ngikhuluma ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zama-pesetas amadala.
Ngalesi sikhathi ubizo lwethu bekulokhu kungukuqondisa imishini yethu kumfundi nakuma-hobbyist uwonke, sizama ukubanikeza amathuluzi wehardware / ama-software kanye nezinto kanye nezinsiza ezinenani elingcono kakhulu lekhwalithi / lentengo. Ekugcineni inhloso yethu ukuhlangana futhi sikhuthaze ukufundiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, noma okungenani sizame.
I-LxA: Ingabe uzithuthukisa kunoma yimuphi wabaqeqeshi obanikeza esitolo noma kungumyalo owenzelwe abantu besithathu? Yize ungiphendulile phambilini ... kepha chaza kancane kubafundi:
ME: Yebo. Yize sinikela ngokuningiliziwe izindatshana ezenziwe ngabantu besithathu, singasho ukuthi imikhiqizo yethu "yenkanyezi" ingeyethu. Lokhu bekulokhu kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-MSE, futhi eMK Electrónica siyaqhubeka kule ndlela. I-Universal Trainer electronics laboratory yethu, i-PIC's USB-PIC'School laboratory, kanye nengxenyekazi yeMicro'LAB yamakhadi eMicrocontroller, phakathi kokunye, kuyisibonelo salokhu. Yimishini eklanywe yithi, eyenziwe yithi futhi emakethwa yithi. Ngamanye amagama, bangamaqembu ethu ayi-100%.
I-LxA: Sibona ukuxhaswa kwehardware yamahhala efana ne-Arduino, kepha… Uke wazama noma njengamanje usebenzisa i-GNU / Linux noma enye isoftware yamahhala?
ME: Yize sivela emhlabeni wezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha futhi singesibo abathuthukisi be-software, singabasebenzisi futhi siyazi ngokubaluleka kwesoftware. Akukho phuzu ngaphandle komunye nomunye.
Emvelweni lapho ngihambisa khona abakhiqizi behadiwe ekugcineni! babonile. Uma befuna ukuthengisa ama-chips abo, ama-microprocessors abo, ama-microcontroller, izinkumbulo, njll., Ngamafuphi, uma befuna ukuthengisa i- "silicon", kufanele banikeze amathuluzi esoftware avumela futhi enze lula ukusetshenziswa kwalawa madivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhathalela kakhulu ukuthi la mathuluzi esoftware angamapulatifomu futhi angasebenza kuWindows, Linux, Mac, njll.
I-LxA: Ngikubalula okungenhla, futhi ngithanda ukungeza ukuthi umzamo omkhulu nokuguqula ubunjiniyela kwenziwe futhi ukubenza basebenze ngaphansi kwabashayeli bamahhala ezimweni eziningi, ngoba abakhiqizi bebengafuni ukuwavula. Lokho kusho, uthini umbono wakho ngalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe obuvulekile?
ME: Ngizokutshela ini !! Ngemuva kwawo wonke umsebenzi wami wobuchwepheshe, ukuhlangana nobuchwepheshe obuvulekile kube yisibusiso. Sengivele ngikutshela ukuthi ngivela kwi-hardware. Ukwenza, ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokusebenza olususelwa kuma-microcontroller, ngidinga amathuluzi esoftware afana nolimi lohlelo kanye nemvelo yokusebenza ye-IDE eyenza lo mklamo. Ukwazi ukuthi nginawo la mathuluzi avulekile, ama-multiplatform, anokwethenjelwa, ahlinzekwa ngumenzi we-mike (ekugcineni!) Futhi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ... ngiyajabula ukuthi ngikwenzile.
Sezadlula izinsuku lapho bekufanele ukhokhele ulimi olulula lomhlangano, i-compiler noma ibhukwana lomsebenzisi elidabukisayo, obekungathi ngaso sonke isikhathi bekungahlali kungaphelele. Lokhu ebengikutshela khona: isibusiso ...
I-LxA: Empeleni, esitolo seMK uxhasa lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe futhi kusuka ohlangothini lwehadiwe ngemikhiqizo efana namabhodi e-Arduino. Akunjena?
ME: Yebo kunjalo. U-Arduino ukwazile ukuhlangana nokwenza ubuchwepheshe buhehe futhi buthengeke kuwo wonke umuntu, noma ngabe isimo sabo sezomnotho kanye / noma izinga labo lokulungiselela noma ulwazi. Isibonelo, nginamakhasimende aqhamuka emhlabeni wezobuciko obuhle. Yebo, laba bantu badla i-Arduino noma amabhodi ahambisanayo. Ukuze? Ngazibuza. Bangichazele ukuthi ngenxa ye-Arduino eminye yemiklamo noma imisebenzi yabo ingacebiswa, ithuthukiswe futhi yenziwe ibe nesiteleka ngokwengeziwe, eyangempela futhi ekhethekile, bangeze ubuchwepheshe obuthile kubo. Konke lokhu ngaphandle kokungena emiqondweni yezobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngaphandle kokwenza umsebenzi wokugcina ubize kakhulu.
Ngokombono wami, impumelelo ye-Arduino ingenxa yezimbangela ezintathu abanye abakhiqizi ababengazi ukuthi bazobona kanjani osukwini lwabo:
- Izindleko zayo eziphansi zikwenza kutholakale cishe kuzo zonke izabelomali.
- Ukusebenziseka kalula nokuhlelwa kwayo, sibonga ukuthi sinebutho leqiniso labasebenzisi nabathuthukisi abanikezela ngezibonelo eziningi nemitapo yolwazi, ngisho nezilimi ezihlukile zokuhlela. Vele konke kuvulekile futhi kukhululekile.
- Ezingeni le-Hardware, ubuchwepheshe bayo obuvulekile buvumela ukwenziwa kanye nokwenza ngcono kwamakhadi amasha wokulawula, izihlangu, izesekeli nezinsiza.
Yize eMK Electrónica singabasabalalisi be-Arduino namabhodi ahambisanayo, futhi sinentuthuko ethile esekwe kubo. Ungabusekeli kanjani lobu buchwepheshe obuvulekile?
I-LxAUyini umthombo wakho oyinhloko wemali engenayo: i-DIY? Umkhakha wezeMfundo?
ME: Yini engingakutshela yona ... ngicabanga ngezingxenye ezilinganayo. Vele, kusobala ukuthi umqondo we-Do It Yourself uya ngokwanda ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuvulekile ngokujwayelekile kanye ne-Arduino ikakhulukazi. EMK Electrónica sihlinzeka ngamathuluzi, izesekeli nezesekeli kwabancane nabadala, abafundi, othisha, kanye nabazithandayo ngokujwayelekile. Bonke bangabenzi beqiniso. Ngicabanga ukuthi umkhakha othakazelisa kakhulu kepha udinga ukusetshenzwa kakhudlwana futhi kangcono.
Mayelana nomkhakha wezemfundo ... Into yokuqala engingayisho ukuthi le nkinga ebengikhuluma ngayo ekuqaleni ibathintile futhi ngokusika izabelomali. Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kuhilela ukungabi bikho kwemishini emakilasini, kanye / noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisezingeni elifanele, eziphelelwe yisikhathi noma ezingasasetshenziswa. Kumele bazihlomise.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuthiwe iningi labachwepheshe bokufundisa lobu buchwepheshe libamangazile. Baphoqeleka ukuba baqeqeshe futhi bafunde ngezinye izindlela ezahlukene namathuluzi atholakalayo emakethe. EMK Electrónica nasekuthobekeni, yilokho esiyikho.
I-LxA: Uyayiphakela yini imboni yezimboni? Lokho wukuthi, uma usebenzisa ama-microcontroller nezinye izinhlobo zamadivayisi we-elektroniki emishini nasembonini ...
ME: Sibe se-elekthronikhi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-35, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi kukhona esikwaziyo ngomhlaba wezinto ezisebenza ngogesi. Ku-MK Electrónica asikwazi ukuba nesitoko esingenamkhawulo wezinto ezikhona. Kodwa-ke, sisebenzisana nabambalwa abahle (noma ngakho kubonakala kimi) abasabalalisi / abangenisa ngaphakathi futhi singathola cishe noma iyiphi idivayisi.
Lokhu kunjalo, ezinye izinkampani zisicela izingxenye ezithile, amasekethe, izesekeli, njll. Sizama ukukuthola futhi sifunde futhi siphakamise izikhathi zokulethwa, ubuncane besilinganiso, intengo, ...
I-LxA: Ukuphrinta kwe-3D nakho kuyakhula futhi kuyachuma. Ngabe uhlela ukumboza lo mkhakha ngokuthengiswa kwamaphrinta noma izingxenye zokwakha (njengePrusa nezinye ezakhiwe nge-Arduino)?
ME: Yebo, ngokwezindaba zakamuva enginazo, kubonakala sengathi intshisekelo ekuphrintweni kwe-3D isimame, okungenani emkhakheni wasekhaya njengoba iningi lethu lazi. Angazi noma kuzoba yiqiniso noma cha. Zingenye zalezo zindaba ezidlula phambi kwakho ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzihlaziya. Enginesiqiniseko sakho ukuthi i-boom yangempela ingukuphrinta kwe-3D kwezimboni, into eyeqa iningi lethu lokufa. Cabanga ukukwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ingxenye yomshini owonakele okuma-antipode.
Kunoma ikuphi futhi uphendula umbuzo wakho, iqiniso ukuthi sifike sekwedlule isikhathi kulo mkhakha. Kulezi zinsuku ngisho nasezindaweni ezinkulu ungathola iphrinta ye-3D nokunye okuncane esingakunikela.
I-LxA:… Futhi enye i-boom enkulu: ama-drones? Eqinisweni, usuvele unoqeqesho nezinto ezibonakalayo esitolo ezihlobene namarobhothi, kahle, ikakhulukazi ngama-microrobotic kanye namarobhothi ezemfundo.
ME: Esihlokweni sama-drones, kufanele ngisho into efana nale ebengikutshela yona mayelana nokuphrinta kwe-3D. Sifikile sekwedlule isikhathi futhi kungumkhiqizo omelwe ngokuphelele ezitolo zazo zonke izinhlobo.
Ngokuqondene nama-microrobotics, impela, ngikholelwa ukuthi besisebenza ngama-robotic ezemfundo cishe selokhu aqala. Ngakho-ke, iMK ELectronics inikeza uhlobo olulodwa lwerobhothi olususelwa ku-Arduino, futhi sinikezela ngezesekeli nezinzwa zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nenhloso ejwayelekile.
Siphinde futhi sihlinzeke ngoqeqesho oluyisisekelo ku-Arduino, Robotic, njll., Ngezifundo eziku-inthanethi ezifundiswa e-Virtual Technological Campus, esisebenzisana nayo njalo eMK Electronics.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, uma ungivumela, ngithanda ukuveza umbono wami mayelana nokuthi yini kuMK Electronics esiqonda ukuthi irobhothi lezemfundo kufanele libe yilo. Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi kusukela ekubukeni koqeqesho, irobhothi lihlanganisa izinto ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge-design (chassis), imishini, i-electronics kanye nezinhlelo. Futhi ngisho lokhu ngoba kulezi zinsuku cishe noma iyiphi "into" ehambayo ibizwa ngerobhothi. Ngokubona kwami, irobhothi kufanele lihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile:
- Nwebeka: ukuze umnikazi wayo akwazi ukususa noma engeze izinzwa nama-actuator ukuyivumelanisa nendawo okumele isebenze kuyo.
- Kuhlelwa: umnikazi wayo angahlela imisebenzi okufanele yenziwe irobhothi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Umakhalekhukhwini awunanzuzo yokuthi uma ufaka amabhethri kuwo, uya phambili kuthi lapho ushayisana, ubuyele emuva ngaphandle "kobuhlakani" obuningi ohlangothini lwawo.
- Ukuzimela: lapho irobhothi selicutshunguliwe, kufanele likwazi ukuzisebenzela ngokwalo emvelweni olizungezile, ngenxa yezinzwa zalo nabasebenza kulo. Iqiniso ngukuthi izimoto ezilawulwa kude, izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane sezinesikhathi eside zikhona, futhi zidinga nokuthi uzinake ngoba uma zingashayi ...
- Kukhithi: uma irobhothi linikezwa ngekithi ukuze umnikazi walo akwazi ukulihlanganisa kangcono kuncono. Lowo mnikazi kuzoba nguyena omazi kahle kakhulu futhi uzokufanelekela ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zokulungiswa nokwenza ngcono emshinini wakhe. Akufanelekile ukuya esitolo samathoyizi futhi uthenge into yokuqala esiyibonayo "isilungele ukuhamba." Baphi manje "abenzi" ne-DIY?
I-LxA: Ngabe usebenzisa uhlaka lwe-ROS (Robot Operating System) kunoma yiziphi lezo zifundo zamarobhothi?
ME: Cha cha. Mhlawumbe ngokuzayo ... Okwamanje i-robot yethu elula isuselwa kupulatifomu ye-Arduino nokuthi yini ehilelekile.
Okwamanje sanelisekile ngokunikeza amathuluzi nokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe obuvela ezimisweni zayo eziyisisekelo, okwenza kube "kufanelekile kuyo yonke iminyaka." Njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili, amarobhothi afundisayo afaneleke kakhulu ukwenza leso singeniso sibe nobungane futhi sibe mnandi.
I-LxA: Futhi ngishintsha isihloko kancane, ngithanda ukusho ukuthi, njengoba wazi, bengisebenza futhi ngicwaninga iminyaka engu-15 ngephrojekthi oyaziyo nokuthi ngibe nenhlanhla yokukwazi ukuyishicilela. Ngiyalithanda izwe labaphathi bama-microcontroller kanye nama-microprocessors, futhi ubusebenza nabo iminyaka engaphezulu, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35 uma ngikhumbula kahle. Ubuye wethula isifundo no I-Security Sentinel yeSitifiketi se-GNU / Linux futhi ngiyazi ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuqeqeshwa kubuchwepheshe obusha okwamanje nobesikhathi esizayo. Ungathini kubafundi abanqikaza ukuziqeqesha kulo mkhakha?
ME: Bheka-ke ... Okokuqala nje, ngingatshela wonke umuntu ukuthi okubalulekile wukuziqeqesha, emkhakheni abawuthanda kakhulu, kodwa ukuwuqeqesha.
Njengoba usho, ngibe se-elekthronikhi cishe iminyaka engama-40. Ngenze amasekethe wami wokuqala we-elekthronikhi kanye nemihlangano nge… i-vacuum valve! Ungayicabanga indlela engiyihambile? Ngisuka kuma-valve ngaya kuma-semiconductors, transistors, ukusuka lapha kuya kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, ngaya kuma-microprocessor futhi ekugcineni ngaya kuma-microcontroller. Ngingaziqhayisa (noma cha) ngokusebenza ngemakrofoni ezithandekayo njenge-8080, 8085, 8086, i-R6502, i-M6800, i-Z80 nezinye engizikhohliwe nakanjani, futhi okhuluma ngazo emsebenzini wakho «Umhlaba kaBitman«. Ngendlela, mkhulu umsebenzi engxenyeni yakho.
Yebo, lokhu kuyisifinyezo sohambo lwami, kufanele ngisho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe, ngaphezu kwendlela yami yokuphila, kunginikeze zonke izinhlobo zokwaneliseka (nakho ukudumazeka okuba khona ngezikhathi ezithile) futhi kwanelise ingxenye enkulu yelukuluku lami. Ngithi ingxenye enkulu ngoba ngiyazi ukuthi angisoze ngamenelisa u-100%. Iqiniso ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela kakhulu futhi ngokushesha.
Yilapho labo abangakathathwanga benendawo. Indlela yobuchwepheshe obusha yinde, yinde kakhulu, ayipheli, kodwa futhi iyajabulisa futhi ukuqala ukuhamba kufanele uthathe isinyathelo sokuqala. Ngikwenze ngamavalvu we-vacuum futhi manje leso sinyathelo sokuqala singathathwa nge-Arduino, amarobhothi, amapulatifomu wesoftware avulekile, i-GNU / Linux, njll. Kunamathuba angenamkhawulo.
Kubo bonke labo abazwayo, noma ngifisa ukwazi kancane ngobuchwepheshe, ngikumema ukuthi uthathe leso sinyathelo sokuqala. Bazoba nesikhathi sokushiya lowo mgwaqo omude uma bethanda. KwaMK Electrónica sinesiqubulo esithi: «Zijabulise ufunde ...»
Ngiyabonga kakhulu Mikel !!!
Ngiyethemba uyithandile le ngxoxo.