Ulwazi Theory. I-prehistory ye-Unix ingxenye yesikhombisa

Ingabe siwumphumela wezinqumo esizenzayo ngaphansi kwenkululeko yokuzikhethela noma ingabe kukhona amandla aphakeme aqondisa izinyathelo zethu? I-bibliography kaClaude Shannon okuxoxwe ngayo lolu chungechunge zezihloko zingabonakala zinikeza izimpikiswano kubasekeli be-Destiny. UShannon wayengumuntu owayenesithakazelo ezintweni eziningi; juggling, jazz, aviation, crossword puzzle noma imishini yokwakha. Ingxenye yempilo yakhe yobungcweti yayinikezelwe ekucwaningeni izibalo ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezakhi zofuzo noma embonini yezikhali. Nokho, izikhathi ngezikhathi izimo zamholela ekubeni akhe isisekelo somsebenzi wakhe ophezulu: Theory of Information

Isaziso esincane odongeni lwaseNyuvesi yaseMinnesota samholela ekusebenzeni ne-MIT's differential analyzer. Lapho, waxoxela i-Boolean Algebra ngokwakhiwa kwezifunda. Ngenkathi enza i-internship eBell Laboratories, wakwazi ukufinyelela i-athikili eyamnika umbono wokuthi ithiyori eyodwa ingachaza ukudluliswa kolwazi ngaphandle kosizo. Efakwe unomphela ku-Bell, lapho angena khona ukuze agweme ukubizwa, waba nesithakazelo ku-cryptography futhi wathola ukuphindaphindeka kolimi kanye nesidingo sokuthi kungadingeki adlulisele imisho ephelele ukuze umlayezo ube nomqondo.

Ulwazi Theory

UShannon ubeyingxenye yethimba elisebenza ngokushintsha kwepharadigm kwezokuxhumana, lokho okubizwa ngobuchwepheshe be-PCM noma i-Pulse Code Modulation. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa izwi ngamagagasi kagesi, njengoba kwakwenziwa kusukela u-Alexander Graham Bell asungula ucingo, injongo yayiwukudlulisa ukwaziswa mayelana nokuziphatha kwamagagasi kagesi. ukuze umamukeli akwazi ukuzakha kabusha. Lapha kufanele sicabangele amaphuzu amabili abalulekile.

• Ulwazi mayelana nokuziphatha kwamagagasi aludluliswanga phakathi nengxoxo yonke, kodwa isampuli yenziwa njalo ngenani elithile lesikhathi, futhi umamukeli ugcwalisa izikhala. Khumbula amazwi kaShannon mayelana nokungadingeki ukuthi athumele umlayezo ogcwele.
• Ulwazi mayelana namagagasi lungadluliselwa ngokuwafaka ngekhodi ngoziro kanye nalawo. Lapha basebenzisa imibono ka-Shannon mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-algebra ye-Boolean ekudluliseni ulwazi ngesekhethi.

Nokho, le ndlela ayisebenzi ezwini kuphela. Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungasetshenziswa ekudluliselweni okukude kwanoma yikuphi okuqukethwe okungaguqulwa kube amaziro kanye nawo; izithombe ezinyakazayo nezinyakazayo, imibhalo, ihluzo, umculo, njll.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komlayezo

Mhlawumbe kuwo wonke amazwe kukhona okuhlukile komdlalo engangikubiza ngokuthi "ifoni ephukile." Umuntu oyedwa uhlebela umlingani ongumakhelwane umyalezo naye enze okufanayo komunye emgqeni. Ngakho, kuze kube kowokugcina kufanele uphinde umlayezo ngokuzwakalayo. Ayifani neze nalokhu okwashiwo owokuqala.

Inselele yeBell Labs ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kwenzeke kwezokuxhumana. Futhi, yilapho i-Information Theory ingena khona.

UShannon uhlongoze imodeli yezokuxhumana evamile lapho umthumeli ekhipha khona isignali ethi, ehamba ngesiteshi, ifinyelele kumamukeli. Lona ophethe ukususa ikhodi umlayezo owawufakwe ngekhodi ngaphambilini ngumthumeli futhi uwuthumele kumamukeli. Kuwo wonke amashaneli kukhona okubizwa “ngomsindo” okuwukuhlanekezela okuthinta ukwamukelwa komyalezo.

Isiphakamiso sakhe sihlanganisa izitatimende ezilandelayo:

• Konke ukuxhumana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifomethi, kungacatshangwa ngokolwazi.
• Lonke ulwazi lungalinganiswa ngamabhithi. Ibhithi eyodwa (Ifushane ngedijithi kanambambili) ikhombisa ukukhetha phakathi kwezinketho ezimbili ezingaba khona, ichashazi noma ideshi yethelegrafu, amakhanda noma imisila lapho uphenyisa uhlamvu lwemali, noma ukucisha noma ukucisha kubuchwepheshe be-PCM.
• Ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lungadluliselwa ngochungechunge lwamabhithi ngefomethi echazwe ngaphambilini. Isibonelo, ukumelwa kwesisekelo 2 sekhodi yenombolo eyabelwe uhlamvu.

Emsebenzini wakhe we-cryptography, u-Shannon wayebonise ukuthi usayizi womlayezo ungancishiswa ngokuqeda ukuphindaphinda. Lapha wahlongoza ukuhamba ngendlela ephambene; ukulwa nomsindo ngokungeza izingcezu ezengeziwe ukuze umamukeli akwazi ukulungisa amaphutha enzeke ngesikhathi sokudlulisa.

Nakuba ezimweni eziningi ukwakhiwa kwetiyori bekungathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba kube ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo, onjiniyela base benendlela yokulinganisa ikhono lamashaneli ahlukene okudlulisa ulwazi. Konke kwase kumi ngomumo ukuze izinto ezintsha zingene esikhundleni sekhebula lethusi elivamile, okwandisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lemilayezo esakazwayo. Futhi-ke uzodinga indlela yokuphatha lonke lelo nani lolwazi. Sizokubona lokho ezihlokweni ezilandelayo.

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