Amakilabhu wabasebenzisi. Isinyathelo esisodwa futhi endleleni eya eLinux

Umlando awulona uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezenzeka ngendlela eqondile. Umcimbi ungumphumela wesamba semiphumela yeminye imicimbi eminingi emikhulu nemincane eyenzeke ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.

Ngiphazamise indaba ye-intanethi ukuqala ukukhuluma indaba yokuzalwa kwenhlangano yamahhala yesoftware. Manje yisikhathi sokuthatha le ndaba ukuze kufinyelele lapho kuhlangana khona laba ababili. Khumbula ukuthi esihlokweni esedlule sishiye uRichard Stallman mKubuhlungu ngoba imvelo yobungcweti yohlelo yayisiyentengiselwano futhi ilahlekelwa umoya wokuqala wokubambisana ohlotshaniswa nenhlangano yabaduni. Nokho lowo moya wawusaphila kunanini ngaphambili.

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70, ukwenziwa kwamakhompyutha kwenziwa lula futhi kwenziwa ukonga okwengeziwe ngomkhiqizo omkhulu wama-microprocessors. Ngale ndlela kwakungenzeka ukumaketha izakhi zama-elekthronikhi zabantu abathanda ukuzakhela ama-microcomputers abo

Intshisekelo evuswe yilezi kits yayinkulu, futhi ngokushesha kwavela amakilabhu lapho labo abazakhela amaqembu abo, nalabo abafuna ukufunda ukuthi bangenza kanjani, bahlangana mathupha ukuze babelane ngemibono futhi bafunde ngezindaba. La maqembu ayenezimfanelo uStallman ayezophuthelwa zona ezinhlelweni eziqeqeshiwe: uthando lolwazi ngenxa yalo, isifiso sokusebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla obuchwepheshe nobizo lokuba wusizo kwabanye ngokwabelana ngalokho umuntu akwaziyo.

Lawa maqembu abasebenzisi bekuyizinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ezinamanani ahlukahlukene amalungu ahlangana kanye ngenyanga futhi, ngokuya ngosayizi nezinsizakusebenza zawo, ashicilela incwadi yezindaba ephrintiwe. Yini enye, amalungu amaningi anolwazi azinikele ukuphendula imibuzo evela kubasebenzisi be-novice. Njengoba kwaba njalon okuthandwa kakhulu, abakhiqizi bamakhithi (futhi kamuva bahlanganisa amakhompyutha nesoftware) baqala ukuya emihlanganweni yokukhangisa ngemikhiqizo yabo. Kepha, njengoba kuchaziwe abanye babahlanganyeli, bekungeyona inkulumo ejwayelekile yokuphromotha, kepha kunalokho bafundisa amaqhinga futhi banikeza imininingwane iwusizo kubahlanganyeli.

I-AT & T. Isitha sokunqoba

Sesivele sinamakhompyutha ezandleni zabasebenzisi okungezona ezamabhizinisi kanye nenqubo yokuxhumana yendawo yonke yokuwaxhuma. Bekufanele ulahle i-AT & T. ukuze i-Intanethi ifinyelele kubantu abaningi.

I-AT & T, inkampani eyayinamalungelo obunikazi kaGraham Bell kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, yayisiphethe ezokuxhumana ngocingo e-United States ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Isizinda sabo besiphelele kangangokuba abasebenzisi bebengenawo ngisho namasethi wabo wefoni. futhi abakwazanga ukuxhuma amadivayisi okungewona inkampani kunethiwekhi. Njengomenzi wedwa wama-modem, i-AT & T ayikaze ihluphe ngokunikela nganoma yini enye ngaphandle kwamadivayisi abizayo futhi anamandla.

Amandla enkampani aqala ukudabuka lapho kuvela iHush-A-Phone, insimbi epulasitiki eyayifaka isamukeli sefoni futhi yavimbela umsindo ongewona owomthumeli ukuthi udluliswe. Isinqumo senkantolo sivumele ukuthi le divayisi ithengiswe yize kunemibhikisho evela ku-AT & T yokuthi ilimaze inethiwekhi yayo.

Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, inkampani yahlulwa okokugcina lapho uRonald Reagan eqala ukubusa. Oshisekayo emakethe nomgqugquzeli wokuncishiswa okuqinile komnotho. Uhulumeni wase-US wasizakala ngesidingo somkhiqizi sedivayisi evumela ukuthi ucingo luhlanganiswe nomsakazo, ukugwema ukuhlala nocingo ukuxhumana. Lapho i-AT & T isongela abasebenzisi ukuthi banqume ukuxhumana kwabo, umenzi waphendukela kumlawuli. Inkampani yocingo izogcina ivumile ukwehlukanisa nenethiwekhi yocingo ukuze izikhulule.

Amakilabhu womsebenzisi axhuma kunethiwekhi

Kepha, ngaphambi kwalokho bekuvele kunentuthuko. Ngo-1975 iFederal Communications Commission yase-United States ekugcineni yavumela umsebenzisi ukuba axhume noma iyiphi idivayisi kunethiwekhi uma nje ingayilimazanga. Enye yamamodemu okuqala atholakala kubasebenzisi basekhaya ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo olusha yathengwa yiWard Christensen ethile.

UChristensen wayengu-eUmakhi we-xmoDEm, uhlelo olwaluvumela amakhompyutha ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi axhumane ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yendabuko yocingo. Le software yabelwane ngokukhululekile phakathi kwamakilabhu abasebenzisi futhi yaguqulelwa kumasistimu ahlukile wokusebenza.