Amakhompyutha e-USSR. Ukusuka ekusithekeni kuye ekuthandeni

Kwethu isihloko esandulele besiqale ukutshela umlando wekhompyutha eSoviet Union. UMNgenkathi ososayensi nabezempi bekucaca ukuthi ukuba sekuqaleni kwensimu entsha kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwezwe, okuvela emkhakheni wezepolitiki nasemikhakheni yezemfundo ehlobene neSayensi Yezenhlalakahle yathathwa njengemicabango yobungxiwankulu.

Ukugwema izinkinga, Abaphenyi kwakudingeka baqaphele amagama asetshenzisiwe, bashiye igama elibhekise emsebenzini waseNtshonalanga ngale ndaba. Ngisho nebinzana ukusebenza komqondos kwakuyingozi, ngoba kungahunyushwa ngokuthi leyo mishini yayingacabanga. Esikhundleni se inkumbulo, abacwaningi basebenzise igama lobuchwepheshe elingathathi hlangothi isitoreji. Ulwazi iguqulwe ngu idatha y imininingwane yolwazi ngolimi ukusonta umbono wezibalo wokudluliswa kwezimpawu zikagesi ngomsindo

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-USSR ikwazile ukufeza impumelelo ethile ebalulekile

I-MESM: Isichazamazwi saseRussia soMshini Wokubala Omncane we-Electronic was ikhompyutha yesibili ehlelwe e-Continental Europe kanye neyokuqala emhlabeni ukusebenza ngokufana. Isebenzise i-fixed-point arithmetic negama elingu-16-bit kanye negama elilodwa lophawu. Ifomethi yokufundisa ibiyizindlela ezi-3. Isebenze ngama-valve kagesi angaba ngu-6.000, lapho angama-2.500 1.500 ayengama-triode nama-diode ayi-XNUMX

I-MESM Isetshenziselwe ukuxazulula izinkinga kwi-physics yenuzi, ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwezindiza namarokhethi, ukulawula ikhwalithi yezibalo nokubalwa kokuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi, phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa..

I-Strela (umcibisholo) ikhompyutha elingana negumbi esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zempi. UStrala wayenama-valve angama-6.200 60.000 nama-diode angama-2.000 semiconductor. futhi ibisebenza ngejubane lemisebenzi engu-43 35 ngomzuzwana. I-arithmetic yayo yokuntanta-iphuzu ibisuselwa kumagama angama-6-bit, ene-mantissa esayiniwe engama-2.048-bit kanye ne-exporter esayiniwe engu-XNUMX-bit. IWilliams tube RAM ibinomthamo wamagama angama-XNUMX. Ibine-ROM semiconductor yezinhlelo. Ukufakwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngamakhadi afakiwe noma amateyipu kazibuthe. Isitoreji sasiqukethe i-magnetic tape, ikhadi le-punch, noma iphrinta.

I-BESM: Esinye isifinyezo ngesiRashiya, kulokhu kwe Umshini we-Electronic Computing osheshayo (noma Omkhulu). Lo mugqa womkhiqizo ubunezinguqulo eziyisithupha ezihlukile. Uhlobo lwangempela bekuyikhompyutha kanambambili enegama elingu-39-bit. I-Arithmetic Logic Unit yakhe yasebenza ngokufana futhi yasebenzisa izibalo zamaphoyinti entanta. Isakhiwo segama kwakuyizingcezu ezingama-32 ze-mantissa, i-1 bit yesibonakaliso senombolo, ama-bits ama-5 we-exponent, ne-1 bit yesibonakaliso somkhiphi. Ibinekhono lokumela izinombolo ebangeni 9 ^ -9 kuye ku-10 ^ 10 nokunemba kwezibalo bekusondele ezindaweni eziyi-9 zamadesimali.

Ingenza imisebenzi eyisishiyagalolunye yezibalo, imisebenzi yokudlulisa ikhodi engu-8, imisebenzi enengqondo engu-6, kanye nemisebenzi yokuphatha eyi-9.

Njenge-MESM, okususelwe kuyilo lukabani, yayihloselwe izinhloso ezijwayelekile futhi yayiyingxenye yemikhakha yocwaningo efana namandla enuzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yasemkhathini, nokuhlelwa kwezomnotho.

Amakhompyutha e-USSR. Abezombusazwe banquma ukubasekela

Ngokufa kuka Stalin kanye nempumelelo yokuqala yaseSoviet emkhakheni wezikhali zenuzi, ososayensi bakwazi ukunqamula ukulawula imibono nemikhakha efana ne-cybernetics, genetics, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho kwezibalo kwamukeleka kuhulumeni.

Kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha, uhulumeni ukhiphe uhide lwezixazululo ezigunyaza ukwakhiwa kwamafemu amasha amakhompyutha, nezincwadi ezibhekiswe emphakathini jikelele zaqala ukukhuthaza amakhompyutha "njengemishini yobukhomanisi."

Ngenkathi eNtshonalanga inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha yabonwa njengelusizo ekuvikeleni, Abaphenyi baseSoviet bahlongoza ukuxhumanisa zonke izinkampani zaseSoviet ngenethiwekhi yamakhompyutha kazwelonke ebumbene ezocubungula imininingwane yezomnotho ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ithuthukise wonke umnotho.

I-Kremlin yenza iphutha elifanayo nabanye ohulumeni abaningi abanobushiqela. Yize ebheja ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, Lokhu ikwenze ngaphandle kokushintsha amamodeli wokukhiqiza, uhlobo lwabaphathi noma ubudlelwano bamandla. Ukube kwenziwe kanjalo, ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kungahluka.

Le ndaba izoqhubeka.