Wamkelekile: Iingcebiso eziPhezulu zeLinux Newcomers

Ukuba ngezizathu zomsebenzi, okanye ngokuzikhethela, ufike kwi-linux, Siza kukunika iingcebiso kunye namacebo okuziqhelanisa nolwabiwo kwaye siya kucebisa ukuba yeyiphi i-distro onokuyikhetha ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ovela kuyo. Siza kuhlalutya olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo oza kudibana nalo kwaye siya kukukhokela kulungelelwaniso olungcono.

Njengoko zikhona ubuninzi beenkqubo zokusebenza, Siza kunyanga ezintathu kuphela. Eyona ndawo ixhaphake kakhulu yiWindows kwaye ke uninzi lweengcebiso luya kujoliswa kubasebenzisi abavela kule nkqubo yokusebenza. Siza kunika idatha kubasebenzisi beMac OS X kwaye ezinye zivela kwihlabathi le-BSD (ngakumbi iFreeBSD).

Kuhleli kum kuphela ukuba ndinamkele kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku liza kuba luncedo olukhulu kubo bonke "abancinci" kwiLinux, kwaye ndinqwenela ukuba "nibe" ngabaphezulu ". Nazi iingcebiso...

Iingcebiso kubasebenzisi beMicrosoft yeWindows:

Uluhlu lokuqala lolona hambo lufanelekileyo lwabasebenzisi beWindows, nangona esi sisincomo kuphela, kuba unokukhetha enye into. Kodwa kukho ezinye ezilula ezifana Zorin OS, ngendawo efana neWindows apho uya kuziva ukhululekile. Nakuphi na ukuhanjiswa ngendawo ye-LXLE yedesktop kuya kucetyiswa, njengeLubuntu, kuba le desktop ikwafana naleyo yeWindows.

Ngaphandle kwezi, ungasebenzisa ezinye ezifana Ubuntu okanye iLinux Deepin esithethe ngayo kakhulu kule bhlogi mva nje. Kodwa ndingakucebisa ngeLinux Mint, kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye iya kwenza ubomi bakho bube lula kakhulu.

Ndingacebisa ukuba ufunde Inqaku lethu ngezinye iindlela zenkqubo yeWindows, apho ifayile ye- iprogram ezaziwa kakhulu ukuba abasebenzisi benkqubo yokusebenza yeMicrosoft banokusebenzisa kunye nezinye iindlela ezinikiweyo ukuze bangaphoswa ziiLinux. Ukongeza, unayo iwayini, i-PlayOnLinux kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ezenza ukuba kusebenze isoftware yeWindows kwiLinux.

Sele siqalisile ngomnye umonakalo nhe? Yintoni leyo ulwabiwo? Ewe, aziyonto ingaphaya kokuguqulwa kweenkqubo zokusebenza ze-GNU / Linux kuko konke ukuthanda. Zininzi, zininzi, kuba incasa yam ininzi kakhulu, kodwa kwabanye oku kuyinzuzo kuba ungakhetha eyona "flavour" yakho intle. Kufana ne-Audi, umzekelo, nangona umenzi we-injini efanayo, i-chassis iyahluka kwi-A3, A6, Q7, ...

Ewe, nje ukuba lo mqobo wokuqala woyisiwe, ukutsho ukuba kwiinkqubo ezisebenza njenge-Unix (ngaphandle kweMac OS X), njengeLinux, ukuxhomekeka kuyo ikhonsoli inkulu kuneWindows, yiyo loo nto ukusebenzisa imiyalelo kwimowudi yokubhaliweyo kuphantse kubalulekile, nangona ujongano lwangoku lwegraphical kunye nokukhululeka ngoku okubonelelwa ngamaziko esoftware yonikezelo, ngokukuvumela ukuba wenze nantoni na okanye ufake iinkqubo ngonqakrazo olunye. iqhosha.

Ndingacebisa ukuba uqale ukhuphele LiveCD okanye LiveDVD okanye LiveUSB, eyimifanekiso ye-distros onokuyikhuphela kwaye ungazama ngaphambili ngaphandle kokuyifaka kwikhompyuter yakho. Utshisa nje umfanekiso kwidiski, uyifake, qala ikhompyuter yakho kwaye ungayisebenzisa ngokwesiqhelo. Ukuba uyayithanda, ungayifaka.

1. Uvakalelo lwetyala: KwiWindows NT nakwi-DOS, akukho "case sensitivity", Oko kukuthi, azinangxaki. Oku kwi-Unix ikhona kwaye kuya kufuneka ulumke xa usebenzisa i-console yomyalelo kwaye ubhale amagama ngokuchanekileyo ngokuhlonipha icala eliphezulu nelisezantsi kungenjalo iya kusinika iingxaki. Umzekelo, kwiWindows iya kuba kwifolda efanayo "Iifoto zam" njenge "iifoto zam", kodwa kwiLinux unokuba namagama omabini kwaye ibaphathe ngokwahlukileyo.
2. Unqakrazo olunye: Ukuba usebenzisa imeko-bume yedesktop ye KDE, nangona ingaqwalaselwa kukhetho lwe mouse ukulungela abasebenzisi beWindows, uya kubona ukuba iindlela ezimfutshane zedesktop zivulwa ngonqakrazo olunye kwaye ukuba uthe wanqakraza kabini njengoko usenza kwiWindows, uzakucinga vula inkqubo okanye ifayile kabini ...
3. Iifayile kunye nemikhombandlela vs Iifayile kunye neefolda: kulwimi lwe-nix, kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa esi sigama. Kwi-Linux ifolda sisikhombisi kwaye ifayile yifayile. Kububudenge, kodwa kunokudideka phakathi kwezona zintsha.
4. Umsebenzisi kunye nengcambu: KwiWindows usetyenziselwa ukwahlula phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo kunye nomlawuli, kuba kwiLinux, umlingane olingana naye ubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzisi omkhulu okanye ingcambu.
5. Kwi-Linux unga: Libinzana eliya kuphinda-phindwa amaxesha amaninzi, kuba iLinux inamandla ngakumbi kwaye iyaguquguquka kwizinto ezininzi. Yimeko entle kakhulu ekuvumela ukuba wenze izinto ezininzi kuneWindows. Umzekelo kukuba kwiWindows awukwazi ukuguqula ifayile ngelixa ivuliwe yinkqubo, kuba ikuphosela umyalezo wemposiso "Ifayile iyasetyenziswa". Kwelinye icala, kwiLinux ungayiguqula kwangaxeshanye ngaphandle kwengxaki, kuba iinkqubo azizithathi iifayile.
6. Iintsomi zobuxoki: Akukho software kunye nabaqhubi beLinux, bubuxoki obuninzi kwaye ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kukho isoftware engakumbi kunye nabaqhubi abaninzi. I-Linux yamkela iihardware ezininzi, ngekhe ubenangxaki ngayo kwaye ngokweendlela ezizezinye zesoftware zininzi, ngamanye amaxesha kukho neenguqulelo zenkqubo efanayo kumaqonga aliqela. Umzekelo, iFirefox kunye neChannel ikwafumaneka kwiLinux, awunyanzelekanga nokuba ujonge ezinye iindlela. Ukongeza, imidlalo yevidiyo yintengiso ekhulayo, besesitshilo, zininzi kwaye zilunge ngakumbi imidlalo yevidiyo yeLinux, inyukile ngamazinga angalindelekanga.
7. Iifomathi kunye nezandiso: izandiso ezininzi okanye iifomathi zefayile eziveliswe ziinkqubo zeWindows ziyahambelana ngokupheleleyo neenkqubo zeLinux, umzekelo, amaxwebhu eOfisi (.docx, .ppt, .xlsx,…) anokuvulwa kwaye aguqulwe yiLibreOffice kunye neOpenOffice. Kwaye abanye bayayithanda .mp3, .mp4, .pdf, .txt, njl.
8. Kwi Unix / Linux yonke into yifayile: KwiWindows uya kusetyenziselwa ukubona ukuqhuba (C:, D:, A:,…) kunye nezixhobo. Ewe, kwi-Linux yonke into yifayile, ke idiski enzima yi / dev / sda okanye i-optical reader yi / dev / cdrom, njl. Zonke izixhobo zekhompyutha zimelwe kwaye zanyangwa njengefayile, nangona kubonakala kungenakwenzeka kunezibonelelo ezininzi.
9. Simahla simahla: Olunye lolona tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu oza kuthi uqaphele ukuba phantse zonke iinkqubo zisimahla kwaye simahla. Awunyanzelekanga ukuba uzihlawulele okanye ubakhange njengoko kunjalo kwiimeko ezininzi kwiinkqubo zeWindows. Luncedo olucacileyo olukuvumela ukuba ugcine imali eninzi kwaye unesoftware eninzi njengoko ufuna ngaphandle kweengxaki. Nokuba le nkqubo yokusebenza isimahla kwaye isimahla ...

Iingcebiso kubasebenzisi bezinye iinkqubo zokusebenza (iMac OS X kunye neFreeBSD):

Ewe, into yokuqala yokwenza kukucebisa ukuba loluphi uhambiso olunokukulungela. Kubasebenzisi beMac OS X unokukhululeka kwidesktop Ubuntu Umanyano, kuba inezinto ezithile ezifanayo neMac OS X bume ngokwewindows. Umzekelo, akuyi kufuneka uqhele ukuvala / ukwandisa / ukunciphisa iiwindows kwelinye icala, inebha ephezulu enjengebha yemenyu kwaye isiqalisi siyafana neDock, kuphela endaweni yokuba sisezantsi ngasekunene.

Kukho ezinye ii-distros ezibonakala zifana ne-OS X, ezinje nge Elementary OSUkuhanjiswa kweLinux esekwe ku-Ubuntu apho imeko-bume iguqulwe khona ukuze ukufana kwenkqubo ye-Apple kuphelele.

Enye into enjalo I-Linux NjengeMac OS X (iMint OS X), esekwe kwiLinux Mint kwaye izama ukulinganisa inkangeleko ebonakalayo yeMac kwaye inyani kukuba ekuboneni kuqala bajongeka njengamaconsi amabini amanzi.

Endaweni yokuba uvela FreeBSD okanye nayiphi na enye i-BSD, kufuneka ube yindoda elukhuni koku ... ukuze uqale ngokuhanjiswa kweLinux ngaphandle kwengxaki. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukhululeke ngakumbi ngeGentoo kunye nomphathi wepakeji yePortage, ngokufana okuthile kumazibuko e-BSD kwaye iyahambelana nePOSIX, enyanisweni iPortage ikwasetyenziswa yiFreeBSD. Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukusebenza, ungaya kwiArch Linux, elungiselelwe malunga noku.

Ndingathanda ukongeza into xa kukho nawuphi na umsebenzisi we Solaris Ukubona oku, yithi kwiLinux uya kuziva ukhululekile ngokwenkxaso yehardware, ukuba ngaphezulu kwalonto exhaswa nguSolaris (jonga uluhlu lweSolaris Hardware Compatibility). Kwaye ingcebiso esebenzayo kukufaka i-sh njengegobolondo emiselweyo, kuba uninzi lwe-Linux distros zisebenzisa i-bash. Oku kuyakubenza bazive besekhaya, nangona ubusebenzisa i-bash kwi-Solaris, icebiso alisebenzi, kuba uya kuba sele uqhelekile.

ukuba faka iinkqubo Kwi-Debian kunye nakwiziphumo, ungasebenzisa "ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo", ngokufana kakhulu ne "pkg-get" esetyenziswe kwi-BSD naseSolaris. Yitsho ukuba kwi-Mac OS X nakwi-BSD xa usebenzisa ikhonsoli, "ukufaka i-port" kusetyenziselwa ukufaka, kodwa ziyafana, kuya kufuneka uqhelane nes syntax.

Omnye umxholo ongwevu zezi izahluleloNdicebisa ukuba abasebenzisi beWindows babonisane neencwadana zemigaqo ukuba bazokuyifaka ecaleni kwesahlulelo ngenkqubo yeMicrosoft okanye bashiye abo bakucebisa ngokungagqibeki ngexesha lofakelo. Kodwa kubasebenzisi abaphambili ngakumbi abavela eSolaris okanye kwezinye iiUnix, bekuxelela ukuba umba wokwahlulahlula udala ukuthandabuza.

I-Solaris kunye ne-BSD, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-nix zisebenzisa iifayile "slice", Umzekelo / etc / passwd is can in / a / etc / passwd, where / a is a" slice ". Ezi "zilayi" azikho kwiLinux kwaye uyakufumana izikhombisi okanye iifayile kwisahlulelo esinye okanye ulwahlulo lwediski, ngaphandle kwamacandelo. Into enencasa yam ilula kwaye ilula. Umzekelo, imixholo yesilayidi u-a, b, kunye no-c iya kuba kwi-Linux ngaphakathi kwesahlulelo esinye (ngesiqhelo, nangona inokuguqulwa).

Kwelinye icala, ezo ze-BSD kunye neFreeBSD kufuneka ziqhele loo nto isikhombisi sasekhaya Itholakala / ekhaya kwaye hayi / usr / ekhaya njenge-BSD. Into efana nale yenzekayo nge / usr / yendawo / njl njl kwi-Linux ngokulula / njl.

I-Fuera "I-Toor", enye indlela eya "kwingcambu" I-Unix kunye ne-BSD ayikho kwiLinux. Kodwa kukho ukhetho lokuqala olubizwa ngokuba "yiNdlela yoMsebenzisi oNye" enokufana ne "toor". Ngale ndlela, iyafana ngakumbi neLinux kune-OS X, kuba inendlela efanayo neMac nayo edibeneyo.

Ewe iimeko zedesktopSele ndihlomle ukuba zininzi kwiLinux. Ezinye ezinje nge KDE okanye i-GNOME zinokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezinje ngeFreeBSD, ke uya kuba uqhelekile ngoku. Kodwa iMac OS X inye kuphela ngokungagqibekanga, ke uya kuziva ukhululekile nge-distros endiyicebisileyo ekuqaleni kweli candelo. KwiSolaris ungasebenzisa ezinye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ezinje ngeCDE, iWindows Open kunye neJDS, kodwa awuzukuba nengxaki enkulu.

Ngokuphathelene nokusetyenziswa kwe-Mac OS X, unokukwazi ukufaka usetyenziso lwe-Apple kwiLinux enkosi kwiprojekthi Darling (okanye ujonge ukuhanjiswa kwe-UniOS), ngokufana newayini, nangona ikwinqanaba elingaphambili lokuphuhliswa ... Kodwa okwangoku, uya kufumana uninzi lwesoftware yemveli yeLinux enokuthi ithathe indawo yeApple. Kubasebenzisi beSolaris, i-BSD, njl, akukho ngxaki, kwiLinux uya kufumana isoftware ngakumbi kunamaqonga abo.

Kodwa xa kuziwa ekufakweni kweenkqubo kuzo zombini iMac OS X kunye neWindows ilula kakhulu kwaye zimbalwa kuphela kwandiswa, njenge .dmg kunye .exe ngokwahlukeneyo. Kodwa kwiLinux siza kufumana .deb, .rpm, .bin, .sh, .tar, .run, njl. Into engayi kuba yingxaki kuwe ukuba ufunda eyam Inqaku malunga nendlela yokufaka zonke iintlobo zeephakeji.

Ikhonsoli yeMac OS X ityeshelwe ngandlel 'ithile, ayinamandla kangako, ayinazo izixhobo ezininzi njengeLinux kwaye kule ngqondo kubhetele ukuba iingcali zisebenzise iLinux. Yintoni egqithisile, isikhawulezisi se-linux Yahlukile kwaye umzekelo ubonakalisa umxholo onemibala ekunceda ukuba uchonge ngcono imikhombandlela kunye neefayile, into engenayo iMac OS X kunye neWindows cmd.

Ukuqhubeka nabasebenzisi beMac, yithi eyakho Finder inokubonelelwa yiDolphin kwi KDE okanye yiNautilus kwi-GNOME / Ubunye kunye neziphumo. Yitsho ukuba ukuphinda unike igama kwakhona akufuneki ukhethe ifayile kwaye ucinezele ENTER, kodwa ungayenza ngeqhosha lasekunene leqhosha kwaye ukhethe igama lokukhetha kwakhona kwimenyu ebonakalayo.

EL Isikhokelo sabasebenzisi I-OS X ikwesahlulo esiphambili, kwiLinux ngesiqhelo nayo, ngaphandle kokuba sichazile ukuyibeka kwisahlulelo esahlukileyo (into eyacetyiswayo). Kwimeko apho, kuya kufuneka ujonge umsebenzisi ogama / ikhaya.

Ukugqiba, khankanya ezinye Inkqubo engenye ye-Mac OS X Ukusuka kwiApple onokuyifaka kwiLinux:

• I-iTunes-iRhythmbox, iBanshee, iAmarok, ...
• ISafari -Channel, Firefox, iKonkeror, iOpera, ...
• Zenzekelayo - Xnee
• IWork - Kword, OpenOffice, LibreOffice, ...
• IGarageband-Uphicotho-zincwadi, iJokosher, Ardor, ...
• iPHoto -F-Spot, Picasa, digiKam, ...
• iMovie -Kino, iCinelerra, ...
• Isicatshulwa sokuHlela-ukuHlela okuBhaliweyo, uNano, iGedit, ii-Emacs, VI,….
• Ukujonga, uSherlock-Beagle
• I-Apple Talk - iNetatalk
• Imeyile-iThunderbird, Evolution, Kontact, ...
• iChat-Kphone, Ekiga, Xten Lite, ...
• iCal, Ajenda-Chandler, Google Calendar, Sunbird, ...
• iSync-Kpilot, gtkpod, Floola, ...
• Stuffit - Ifayile roller, Ityeya, ...
• iDVD-K3B, Brasero, Baker, ...
• Umlawuli Wesahlulelo seParagon -I-Gparted, Isahlulelo somfanekiso,…
• iWeb-Kompozer, Quanta +, Bluefish, ...
• Ixesha elikhawulezileyo-iTotem, VLC, Kaffeine, Xine, ...

Sukulibala phawula kwaye ubhale amathandabuzo, iingcebiso okanye nayiphi na imibuzo onayo. Siya kukuvuyela ukuphendula kwaye sizame ukukunceda kangangoko.