Kwilizwe lobuchwepheshe kuye kwabakho "ulwaphulo-mthetho" oluninzi, kwaye kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngezimbini zazo, nangona zikhona ezinye. Enye yezona zibhola zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi I-IBM PC yayiyi-BIOS, kodwa emva koko kwafika ithemba lokuba kwakungekho njalo nge-UEFI kunye ne-Boot ekhuselekileyo kangangokuba iintloko ezininzi zinike uluntu lwesoftware yasimahla kunye nabo bazinikeleyo ekwenzeni iinkqubo zokusebenza ngaphandle kwe-Microsoft Windows, kuba babonwa bengenamandla ukukwazi ukuziqala phantsi kwekhompyuter ngale nkqubo iphunyezwe nguMicrosoft ...
Siya kukhumbula kwakhona umanyano olwaziwa njengeWintelOko kukuthi, iWindows (iMicrosoft) + i-Intel, ekwaziyo ukuthatha iimveliso zezi nkampani zilawule lonke icandelo ngengqindi yentsimbi, njengoko zisenza nanamhlanje. Ukuba awuyazi into eyiWintel, imalunga neekhompyuter ezinenkqubo yokusebenza yeMicrosoft kunye ne-Intel microprocessor. Oku akunanto yakwenza negama elithi MacIntel, Oko kukuthi, umanyano luka-Apple neIntel abathe bayitshintsha iPowerPC yakudala (AIM) kulo mbutho mtsha wobuchwephesha ...
Wintel: iyelenqe liqala
Kwiminyaka yee-80 babekhona isiphithiphithi sokuhambelana ngokwezixhobo zekhompyuter ezinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo kolu shishino (iAmiga, iApple, iAtari, iAcorn, ...), ezanyanzelisa abavelisi besoftware kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ukuba benze izinto ezintsha kwaye benze ubuchwepheshe obungcono ngokukhawuleza ukubamba abathengi abasasazekileyo babekhona ixesha. Kodwa ke, yayingeyondlela yokulawula eli candelo kwaye ulilawule, enyanisweni yayilixesha apho kungekho nkampani yayiqhuba ishishini.
Endaweni yoko, le ndlela yokuyila izinto ezintsha yayiza kuguqulwa ngaphandle komanyano lweWintel, xa iMicrosoft kunye neIntel bazama ukuzibeka endaweni yokulawula icandelo kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo zabo zokusebenza. IMicrosoft Windows kunye ne-Intel microprocessors ngokulandelelana. Oko kubakhokelele kulawulo oluphantse lwafikelela ngoku, nangona kwezi nkampani zimbini yayisisivumelwano esineziqhamo, inyani kukuba yayenzelwe bona kuphela. Kuba le nto sinayo ngoku yi-Intel enamandla kakhulu okhuphisana nabo athe shwaka ngokuthe chu ngaphandle kwe-AMD (kuba ilungele i-Intel ngokwayo ukunqanda amatyala angaphezulu okuzimela).
Ngokuchasene neWintel, masisebenzise i-Amux (AMD + Unix) !!!
Mhlawumbi uninzi lwenu luya kukhumbula amagama afana ne-IBM, STMicroelectronics, NEC, iinkampani ezininzi ezivela kwiSoviet bloc, kunye nezinye ezininzi ezenza iichips. x86 iyahambelana ukusuka kwi-Intel. Bonke bayekile ukuyenza, nkqu neenkampani ezazizinikezele ngokukodwa kuyo njenge-IDT, iCyrix, iVIA, iTransmeta, njl. Kuzo zonke, kuphela i-AMD kunye ne-VIA eseleyo, kodwa eyokugqibela ayimelanga nayiphi na ipesenti yentengiso ...
El IBM PC emele umgama omncinci kumzi-mveliso wekhompyuter okhule ngokupapasha iskimu kunye namaxwebhu kwinkcazo yezixhobo zayo (uyilo oluvulekileyo) ukuze umntu wesithathu enze izixhobo ezihambelana nezi zixhobo. Kwaye ngokufika komanyano lweWintel, oku kunyuka kokuthandwa kwaba yinto ebonakalayo, kwaye ngoku akusekho ukubona kwakhona okusingqongileyo ukwazi ukuba ndithetha ngantoni ...
Oku kuye kwafuneka ifuthe ngqo kwishishini lesoftware, kuba bonke ababhekisi phambili baqala ukujonga okuthandekayo kwiqonga elenziwe, ukusukela ukuba yeyona nto ithandwayo baqinisekisa ukuba banabathengi abaninzi kwiimveliso zabo. Ukubhala inkqubo yelinye iqonga kwakuthetha iindleko zokuphumeza intengiso encinci, ngelixa ukuyibhalela ii-PC ze-IBM kuthetha impumelelo eqinisekileyo. Esi sesinye sezibetho iLinux kunye nezinye iinkqubo zasimahla ezazinazo ngaphambili xa kufikwa kumba wokuhambelana neWindows ngokubhekisele kubaqhubi nakwisoftware yemveli, njengoko sixoxe kakuhle apha.
Kwaye silandela ibali kwicandelo elilandelayo ...
I-BIOS: umxholo wengxabano
Sele sinolawulo lwe-Wintel ngomgangatho we-IBM PC, kodwa esi sahluko sebali sijoyine ezinye iinkampani ukubeka umnqweno wokugqibela kweli bali. Ezi ziinkampani ezinje Igalelo, iPhoenix, i-AMI, iiChips kunye neeTekhnoloji, njl, eyaqala ukwenza iichips nge-firmware ehambelana nee-PC ze-IBM ukuze nawuphi na umenzi wezixhobo enze izixhobo ezihambelana nezixhobo zekhompyutha abazifunayo. Esi iya kuba sisiqalo sesiphelo se-IBM PC sokungenisa ixesha le-PC kunye nokubandakanywa kwabo bonke abavelisi esibaziyo namhlanje kweli candelo. I-IBM iphelelwe ngamandla kwaye ilifa layo ngoku beliqokelelwa ngamanye amafemu ahlanganisa izixhobo zePC ezifanelekileyo (umzekelo: iCompaq).
IMicrosoft yayisele iphumelele isixa esikhulu semali I-MS-DOS yayo okanye iilayisensi ze-DOS ezinikwe ezinye iinkampani, i-Intel ditto, kuba ivelise inani elifanelekileyo leetshipsi okanye yafumana imirhumo evela kwabo bavelisa iichips ezifanelekileyo, ngaphandle kweenkampani zeSoviet bloc endizichazile ngasentla kumaxesha amaninzi zazingamaclones angenampepha mvume, aveliswa ngasemva kwe-Intel. Kodwa ke, masishwankathele kwaye silibhekise phambili ibali apho sinomdla khona, kwaye zijolise kwezo nkampani ndizibonakalisileyo zigqamile kumhlathi odlulileyo ...
Into ababeyidala yayingekho ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweetshipsi I-BIOS (Inkqubo yokuSebenzisa yokuSebenzisa)Oko kukuthi, iichips ezine-firmware eyimfuneko yokwenza inkqubo yesiqalo kwii-PC, nangona abavelisi bezahluka kakhulu, ukongeza iimodularity. Isifinyezo seBIOS sabhalwa nguGary Kildall kwaye savela ngo-1975 kwiinkqubo zokusebenza kwe-CP / M ukuphumeza okufunekayo kwiROM ukuze i-hardware iqalise i-OS. Oku kwamkelwa ziinkqubo ze-DOS.
Kwi-DOS kukho isidingo sokubandakanya a i-ROM nge-BIOS firmware ebizwa ngokuba yi-BIOS DOS ekwaziyo ukwenza ubumbeko lokuqala lwezixhobo ngokulayisha ezinye iindlela ukuqala inkqubo, kwaye emva koko ube nakho ukwenza uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-POST (Power-On-Self-Test) ukuze ufumane inkqubo yokusebenza fakela kwaye uyiqale, ngalo mzuzu idlula kulawulo kuyo. Kwaye oko?
Ewe, kuba iMicrosoft sele ilawula imarike, bonke abavelisi bezixhobo baphunyeziwe ezi nkqubo zokuxhasa iinkqubo zenkampani, kuba ukungakwenzi oko kwakuthetha ukusebenza kwizabelo zentengiso ezincinci. I-BIOS ayisiyeyona nkqubo ilungileyo kwaye ineesilingi ezininzi kunye neengxaki, kodwa oko akubalulekanga kangako, isidingo sokuba sizuze ilifa ngeWindows kwaye siqhubeke nalo mthwalo ngaphandle kokuba bekukho ezinye iindlela ezingcono ezifana ne-EFI, iFirmware evulekileyo yePowerPC , okanye iiprojekthi zamva nje ezinje ngeCoreBoot (esele sithethe ngayo kwiLxA), njl. Ke ngoko, i-GNU / Linux, iFreeBSD, okanye nayiphi na inkqubo yokusebenza ofuna ukuyifaka kwi-PC, kuya kufuneka ujongane nalo mthwalo ...
I-UEFI: ukungcatsha okutsha kufihlwe njengethemba ...
Kwaye emva koko ithi gqi I-UEFI (iFirmware eLwandisiweyo yeHlabathi), Inkqubo ebonakala ngathi izisa ithemba endaweni ye-BIOS kwaye yoyise inkqubo ye-BIOS endala kunye neyokuqala. Inyani yile yokuba iphumelele, kodwa ayizisanga kukhanya, kodwa ubumnyama, kwaye esona sizathu siphinde siyiMicrosoft kunye noxinzelelo lwayo lokumisela iBoot ekhuselekileyo kwiikhompyuter ukuze zihambelane neWindows 8 okanye iinguqulelo zamva
I-UEFI yayiyeyona nkqubo yanamhlanje, kodwa sonke siyayazi ukuba ibithetha ntoni Boot Safe indawo yoluntu lwesoftware yasimahla. Siye sabhala imilambo yezithuba malunga nayo, kwaye nanamhlanje kusekho iingxaki kwiindawo ezithile ezincinci zokukwazi ukuzifaka kwikhompyuter. Izisombululo ezibonelelweyo ziye zahluka kakhulu, ezinye zihamba ngokuthenga amaqhosha okanye utyikityo kwiMicrosoft uqobo (kuba ithintela ukuqaliswa kweenkqubo zokusebenza ezingatyikitywanga, ekucingelwa ukuba, izizathu zokhuseleko, kwaye ekuphela kwazo okusayiniweyo kuqala zivela kuMicrosoft uqobo, Senza ishishini elilungileyo ...), ke yonke into ijolise ukuze umntu axhamle kakhulu nguMicrosoft ...
Ewe kuyinyani ukuba sine-UEFI ujongano lomsebenzisi wangoku kunye nemizobo yokushiya ngasemva imbonakalo ye-DOS-efana ne-BIOS, ukubaleka kwii-32 kunye nee-64-bits endaweni ye-16 ye-BIOS, inkxaso ngaphaya kwezahlulo ezine ezixhaswe kwi-BIOS kunye ne-2,2TB ngobukhulu obukhulu obunokulawulwa ukufikelela I-9,4 ZB, ukuqala ngokukhawuleza, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunye ne-modularity, kunye nokuzimela kwinkqubo yokusebenza ngokwayo.
I-LinuxBoot: isisombululo sokugqibela
Njengoko sibona, kuphela ziipatches ezibekwe kuyo yonke imbali ethi ekugqibeleni ibe ngamaqhinga nje okuqhubeka neengxaki eziqhelekileyo kuluntu olukhululekileyo, kungekuphela ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwe-BIOS okanye iBoot ekhuselekileyo, kodwa kuba yayiseyinkqubo evaliweyo. Kodwa ngoku kubonakala ngathi kukhanya ekugqibeleni kwitonela nge LinuxBoot, inkqubo evulekileyo eza kwiiseva kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba nayo kwiikhompyuter zasekhaya kungekudala.
I-LinuxBoot iboniswa njenge vula enye indlela ye-UEFI yobunini. I-firmware eyasungulwa kunyaka ophelileyo i-2017 phantsi kwesambulela seLinux Foundation, kwaye oko kuyanda ngokuthe ngcembe kukuthandwa kwaye kunenkxaso engakumbi nangakumbi evela kwiinkampani ezenza izixhobo.
I-LinuxBoot ibikhona inyathelo likaRon Minnich, umbhali weprojekthi eyaziwayo yeLinuxBIOS kunye nenkokheli yeCoreboot kaGoogle. Ngoku ufumene ukusebenzisana kweenkampani ezinje ngeGoogle, Facebook, Hoirzon Computing Solutions, kunye neeSigma ezimbini eziya kuthi zisebenzisane kwiLinuxBoot (ebizwa ngokusemthethweni) NERF). Kujongwe ukuba kuziswe koomatshini beserver yeLinux, ukuvumela abasebenzisi kunye nabalawuli ukuba babe nolawulo olukhulu kwiinkqubo zabo (zilungiselele ezazo izikripthi zokuqalisa, iimpazamo ezichanekileyo, zakhe ixesha labo lokubaleka, benze i-firmware baphinde basebenzise izitshixo zabo, njl.njl.).
Las I-LinuxBoot izibonelelo ngaphezulu kwe-UEFI Zizo:
- Iiseva zinako boot ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, Imizuzwana engama-20 kuphela xa kuthelekiswa nemizuzu eliqela ethathwa yi-UEFI kwezi ntlobo zoomatshini.
- Ukuguquguquka ngakumbi njengoko benditshilo, kuba nasiphi na isixhobo, inkqubo yefayile (FS) okanye iiprotocol zinokusetyenziswa.
- NgokukhuselekileyoKuba iinkqubo zeLinux FS kunye nabaqhubi bomelele ngakumbi kunalezo zisetyenziswa yi-UEFI.
- Kuphelele free.
Ungabona ukwamkelwa okwandayo kweLinuxBoot, njengomzekelo weprojekthi Vula iComputer Projekthi, Iprojekthi eqalwe nguFacebook yokudala amaziko edatha anamandla kwaye asebenzayo. Kwaye ayisiyiyo kuphela, kwi-emulator ye-QEMU esisebenzisa kakhulu iLinuxBoot nayo ixhaswe, nkqu kwi-Intel S2600wf, Dell R630, njl.
Ungalibali ukushiya ifayile yakho ye- izimvo, amathandabuzo kunye noluvo lwakho ngale nkqubo intsha ... ndiyathemba ukuba ikuncedile kwaye unokuba nombono ocacileyo malunga ne-firmware kunye nethemba elingakumbi malunga nolu hlobo lwenkqubo.
Mholweni. Undishiyile ndilengise imilenze. Inqaku elinomdla kakhulu kwaye licacisa kakhulu. Ndiyakuvuyela. Ngokubhekisele kwisifundo, ngethemba lokuba sinokuphunyezwa kuzo zonke iikhompyuter zasekhaya. Konke okugqibelele.
Inqaku elilunge kakhulu.
I-Asus yam ayihambelani, inyathelo ...
Usizi lokuba okwangoku lujolise kuphela kwiiseva
Kucacile ukuba iLinux ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwelo candelo ngexabiso lokulibala malunga neekhompyuter zekhompyuter.
Inqaku elimangalisayo, sinethemba lokuba iLinuxBoot ngumzekelo wotshintsho lwekhompyuter kwaye inokufikelelwa kwinqanaba leekhompyuter zakho.
Olunye uhlobo kwi-UEFI engathandekiyo luvakala lukhulu kum, kodwa masingabi ngabaqulunqi I-IBM yayinelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwi-BIOS yoqobo, kwaye kwakungekho abanye abavelisi bekwazile ukuyikopa ngobunjineli obunokubuyela umva kunye neqhinga elisemthethweni lokuthi yinto eyasebenza ngokufanayo kodwa ingenayo ikhowudi efanayo, ukuba ixesha ikhompyuter yecone khange iqale. Ngelo xesha iMicrosoft yayingeyiyo le nto iyiyo namhlanje, kwakungekho manyano lweWintel kuba iiWindows zazingekho. Kuyinyani ukuba i-MS-DOS ibekwe njengenkokeli engenakuphikiswa, kodwa kuyinyani ukuba yayihlala nezinye iinkqubo ezihambelanayo, ezivela kwezinye iinkampani, ezinje ngeDR-DOS okanye kamva i-OS / 2 Warp njengenye indlela kwiWindows 3.1.
Apho ndifuna ukuya khona kukuba i-BIOS ayinanto ethintela ukufakwa kweenkqubo "ezingezizo zeMicrosoft", ekuphela kwento ebenayo kukuba iyacotha kwaye iyinto engekhoyo. Kwaye yavela kwiqonga elithile: x86, apho i-Intel yathatha ikhekhe kwaye yazi indlela yokuma kunye nokususa abachasi bayo (uCyrix, iTransmeta, njl. Amanye amaqonga anyamalala ngokulula kuba i-x86 kunye ne-ecosystem eyenzileyo eyayijikeleze yona yayisaziwa kakhulu kwaye yaphela ibakhupha; Kwaye i-ARM yayingeyiyo le nto, de yabetha isikhonkwane entloko ngentengiso yanamhlanje yefowuni. Kwaye ukuba iLinux ibingazi okanye ingakwazi ukuzibeka ngelo xesha, yayingengokuba i-BIOS yayithintela ukufakwa kwayo.
Ngapha koko, kubasebenzisi basekhaya, bekungekho ukufika kweWindows XP apho iMicrosoft yaqala ukungcungcutheka kakubi ngecandelo le-hard drive's (hayi i-BIOS), isaphula ukuya kuthi xhaxhe i-multiboot loaders kwaye inika ubuninzi beentloko kwabo bafuna ukuba nee-OS ezingaphezulu kwesinye kumatshini wabo.
I-UEFI kunye ne-boot yayo ekhuselekileyo, ewe ayinakuphikiswa ukuba izuze iMicrosoft kuphela kwaye yenzakalisa wonke umntu. Kodwa izinto njengoko zinjalo: i-BIOS khange ithintele nangayiphi na indlela, kwaye ayikhange yenzakalise nezinye iinkqubo zokusebenza ekubeni zifakwe kwi-clone PC yemfumba, kwaye iLinux khange iqale ukwenzakalisa ukufakelwa kwasekhaya de kwavela ukubuyela kweWindows-95 Ngo-1996, ngamanye amagama, yayineminyaka elishumi inamathuba afanayo njenge-MS-DOS okanye iDR-DOS okanye i-OS / 2; nangaphaya kweWindows XP, ingxaki yayingekho kwi-BIOS okanye kwi-Intel okanye ngeqonga le-x86, kodwa yayiyiMicrosoft kunye nezenzo zayo ezimbi ngokukodwa.
Siyavuyisana nenqaku, ulwazi oluhle kakhulu. Iya kugqiba ukufika njengesiqhelo kwiDesktop.
Kuhle kakhulu ngethemba lokuba uya kuthenga iqela elitsha. iza neLinuxBoot hayi nge-BIOS okanye i-UEFI kwaye ingaphantsi kakhulu kwi-SecureBoot ekufuneka ibizwa ngokuba yi "MicrosoftBoot" xD
Inqaku elihle, ulwazi olunomdla kakhulu kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ekhuthazayo, iLinux iyaqhubeka nokwenza amanyathelo amakhulu.
Ukuphumelela kweLinux
I-UEFI kunye ne-ASUS, intloko ebukhali xa ufuna ukufaka Ubuntu ... kundithathe iiyure ezininzi