Ithiyori yoLwazi. I-prehistory ye-Unix inxalenye yesixhenxe

Ngaba singumphumo wezigqibo esizenzayo phantsi kwenkululeko yokuzikhethela okanye ngaba kukho amandla aphakamileyo akhokelayo? Uluhlu lweencwadi malunga noClaude Shannon kuboniswane ngalo olu ngcelele yamanqaku ibonakala inika iingxoxo kubaxhasi beDestiny. UShannon wayengumntu owayenomdla kwizinto ezininzi; juggling, jazz, aviation, crossword puzzles okanye oomatshini bokwakha umdlalo. Inxalenye yobomi bakhe bomsebenzi yayinikezelwe kuphando lwemathematika olusetyenziswa kuphando lwemfuza okanye ishishini lezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha ngamaxesha iimeko zamkhokelela ekubeni akhe isiseko somsebenzi wakhe ophezulu: Ithiyori yoLwazi

Isaziso esincinci eludongeni kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota samkhokelela ekubeni asebenze kunye ne-MIT's differential analyzer. Apho wabalisa iBoolean Algebra ekwakhiweni kweziphaluka. Ngelixa esenza i-internship kwi-Bell Laboratories, wayenokufikelela kwinqaku elamnika ingcamango yokuba ithiyori enye inokuchaza ukuhanjiswa kolwazi oluzimeleyo kwi-medium. Udityaniswe ngokusisigxina kwiBell, apho wangena khona ukuze aphephe ukubizwa, waba nomdla kwi-cryptography kwaye wafumanisa ukuphinda-phinda kolwimi kunye nesidingo sokungadluliseli izivakalisi ezipheleleyo ukuze umyalezo ube nentsingiselo.

Ithiyori yoLwazi

UShannon wayeyinxalenye yeqela elisebenza kutshintsho lweparadigm kunxibelelwano lwezonxibelelwano, oko kubizwa ngokuba bubuchwephesha bePCM okanye iPulse Code Modulation. Endaweni yokudlulisela ilizwi ngamaza ombane, njengoko kwakusenziwa ukususela oko uAlexander Graham Bell wasungula umnxeba, injongo yayikukudlulisela inkcazelo engokuziphatha kwamaza ombane. ukuze umamkeli akwazi ukuphinda awakhe kwakhona. Apha kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo iingongoma ezimbini ezibalulekileyo.

• Ulwazi malunga nokuziphatha kwamaza aludluliswanga ngexesha lencoko yonke, kodwa isampuli yenziwe yonke ixesha elithile, kwaye umamkeli ugcwalisa izithuba. Khumbula iintetha zikaShannon malunga nokungafuneki kwaye kungafuneki ukuba uthumele umyalezo opheleleyo.
• Ulwazi malunga namaza lunokuhanjiswa ngokufaka iikhowudi ngooziro kunye nabo. Apha basebenzisa izimvo zikaShannon malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-algebra ye-Boolean ekugqithiseni ulwazi ngesekethe.

Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayisebenzi kuphela kwilizwi. Ubuchwephesha obufanayo bunokusetyenziswa ekuhanjisweni okude kwanoma yimuphi umxholo onokuthi uguqulwe ube ngu-zero kunye nezinye; nemifanekiso eshukumayo, izicatshulwa, iigrafiki, umculo, njl.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komyalezo

Mhlawumbi kuwo onke amazwe kukho inguqu yomdlalo esathi ebuntwaneni bam "ifowuni ephukileyo." Umntu omnye usebezela umyalezo kugxa wakhe osebumelwaneni naye enze okufanayo komnye emgceni. Ke, de kube ngowokugqibela kufuneka uphinde umyalezo ngokuvakalayo. Ayifane ihambelane nento ethethwe ngowokuqala.

Umceli mngeni weBell Labs kukuthintela oku kungenzeki kunxibelelwano. Kwaye, kulapho iTheory yoLwazi ingena khona.

UShannon ucebise imodeli yonxibelelwano ngokubanzi apho umthumeli ekhupha umqondiso othi, uhamba ngejelo, ufikelele kumamkeli. Oku kunoxanduva lokuguqula ikhowudi yomyalezo ofakwe ngaphambili ngumthumeli kunye nokuwuhambisa kumamkeli. Kwijelo ngalinye kukho into ebizwa ngokuba “yingxolo” eziziimpazamo ezichaphazela ukwamkelwa komyalezo.

Isindululo sakhe siquka ezi nkcazo zilandelayo:

• Lonke unxibelelwano, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lunjani na, lunokucingwa ngokolwazi.
• Lonke ulwazi lunokulinganiswa ngamasuntswana. Isuntswana enye (Ifutshane kwidijithi yokubini) ibonisa ukhetho phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe, ichaphaza okanye udwi wetelegraph, iintloko okanye imisila xa ujikelezisa ingqekembe, okanye ukubetha okanye ukucima kubuchwepheshe bePCM.
• Olona lwazi luntsokothileyo lunokuhanjiswa ngoluhlu lweebhithi kwifomathi echazwe kwangaphambili. Umzekelo, isiseko sesi-2 sokumelwa kwekhowudi yenani eyabelwe unobumba.

Kumsebenzi wakhe we-cryptography, uShannon wayebonisile ukuba ubungakanani bomyalezo bunokuncitshiswa ngokuphelisa ukungafuneki. Apha wacebisa ukuhamba ngendlela echaseneyo; ukulwa nengxolo ngokongeza amasuntswana ongezelelweyo ukuze umamkeli akwazi ukulungisa iimpazamo ezenzeke ngexesha lothumelo.

Nangona kwiimeko ezininzi uqulunqo lwethiyori lunokuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba lusebenze, iinjineli zazisele zinendlela yokulinganisa amandla amajelo ohlukeneyo okusasaza ulwazi. Yonke into yayilungele izixhobo ezitsha zokutshintsha intambo yobhedu yendabuko, ikhulisa ngokubonakalayo inani lemiyalezo ejikelezayo. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufuna indlela yokuphatha yonke loo mali yolwazi. Oko siza kukubona kumanqaku alandelayo.

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