Uphengululo lweeNdawo eziMnandi zeDesktop zika-2015

Ujongano lomzobo womsebenzisi okanye i-GUI (ujongano lomsebenzisi womzobo) Ngalo naluphi na ujongano lwesoftware olubonisa iseti yemifanekiso kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ukubonisa ulwazi kunye nokunxibelelana nabo. Eyona software yamandulo ibiswele i-GUI kwaye yonke into yenziwe nge-CLI (Umyalelwano womgca wokuyalela) okanye ujongano lomgca wokuyalela kwimowudi yokubhaliweyo. Kwakungekho kude kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-70 ukuba iqela kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford elikhokelwa nguDouglas Engelbart lenza isikhombisi esilawulwa yimouse.

Umxholo uphuculwe ngabaphuhlisi kwiXerox PARC Oomatshini babo kwaye ngo-1973 babeza kwazisa ikhompyuter yabo yokuqala nge-GUI, nangona bekungayi kude kube ngo-1981 xa iXerox yayiza kudala inkqubo yokuqala yorhwebo ngale GUI. Ukutyelela iXerox kwakwanele kuApple, neqela elalikhokelwa nguJef Raskin ukukopa umbono wokudala iapile ka-1983 ka-Lisa ngomfanekiso ocacileyo awathi uXerox akabonakali ngathi unokubona amandla amaninzi kwaye akazange awathathe nzulu ...

UMicrosoft, okhuphisana ngqo no-Apple ngelo xesha, wayekwazi nendlela yokukopa izimvo zika-Apple zokuphehlelela iWindows 1.0 ngo-1985, ujongano lomzobo we-DOS ye-IBM PC matshini. Kwaye nangona ibali lide kwaye linomdla, asiyi kugxila kulo. Thetha nje okoko yaqalwa, i-graphical interfaces iguqukile yatshintsha kakhulu. Umsebenzi onzima okwangoku wenziwa uphuhliso lwe-ZUI (ujongano lomsebenzisi), i-GUI edibanisa i-2D kunye ne-3D eya kuzisa ukuphucula kungekudala.

Ukongeza, ngokubonakala kwezikrini zokuchukumisa kunye nefashoni yezixhobo eziphathwayo ezinje ngee-smartphones, ii-phablets kunye neetafile, ii-GUI zemveli kuye kwafuneka ukuba zitshintshe zitshintshe kwaye zilungelelanise namaxesha amatsha. Ngokulinganayo ukusebenza kwi-NUI (ujongano lomsebenzisi wendalo)Oko kukuthi, ujongano lomsebenzisi apho isikrini sokuchukumisa, iimpuku, okanye izixhobo zokufaka (iibhodi yezitshixo, izinto zokudlala, izilawuli, izitayile, ...) zishiywe ngasemva apho ii-GUI eziqhelekileyo zixhomekeke ekusebenzeni ngokuthinta, ilizwi, ukuqondwa kobuso, njl. Umzekelo we-NUI yinkqubo ye-Xbox Kinect.

Ukusebenza

Ukushwankathela nokwenza lula isimilo kunye nokusebenza kwe-GUI, ukutsho ukuba iikhompyuter kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisa ujongano lomzobo zenza isenzo esifanayo neenkqubo zangaphambili nezamandulo ezazisebenzisa ulungelelwaniso lomgca wokuyalela. Kuphela ngoku inomdla ngakumbi kwaye endaweni yokungena kumyalelo unokwenza isenzo usebenzisa isitshixo, imouse okanye ngokuchukumisa isikrini.

Umzekelo, xa ukwinkqubo ngaphandle kwe-GUI ubufuna ukukopa ifayile «example.txt» ukusuka / kulawulo lwasekhaya ukuya / kulawulo lwamaxwebhu, Ndingenise lo myalelo ulandelayo kwi-CLI:

cd /home

cp ejemplo.txt /home/documentos

Ngoku jonga nje isikhombisi senkqubo enkosi kumphathi wefayile yenkqubo yethu de ufike / ekhaya, cofa kwimouse kwi icon yefayile «example.txt» (engeyonto ingaphezulu komzobo osebenza njengekhonkco kunye nokumelwa kweyona fayile yokwenyani) kwaye Cofa kwikopi ukuya kwisikhombisi sendawo kwaye uyincamathisele. Okanye unokuvula zombini imikhombandlela kwiscreen kwaye uyitsale ... Kodwa enyanisweni, le nkqubo inxulunyaniswe nomyalelo wangaphambili kunye nomyalelo "ungene ngokwakho" ngaphandle kokuba uqaphele okanye kufuneka uchwetheze.

Ke ngoko izixhobo zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo Ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezine-CLI, kuphela ngemfuno ephezulu yezixhobo zehardware ngenxa yokulungisa lo mfanekiso ... Oko kukuthi, into endifuna ukuba uyiqonde kukuba i-GUI ayikho enye into engaphezulu komaleko oxhaswayo oxhaswa yi-CLI kunokuba isekhona kwiinkqubo zokusebenza zale mihla, i-terminal okanye ikhonsoli yindlela emfutshane yokusebenza nenkqubo ye-CLI ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-GUI.

Imeko yedesktop

Xa uthetha nge-GUI ngumbono oqhelekileyo, inkqubo inokuba nomzobo womsebenzisi, kodwa xa olu nxibelelaniso lungolwesixokelelwano esisebenzayo kufuneka sithethe "Imeko-bume yeDesktop" okanye i-DE (imeko-bume yeDesktop). I-DE siseti yesoftware enikezela ngonxibelelwano oluhle phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Yenziwe ngumphathi wefestile (yenza iifestile zivele), umzobo womncedisi (olungelelanisa amagalelo kunye neziphumo), tsala kwaye ulahle ukusebenza, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ze-GUI ezinjengeempawu, iibar zesixhobo, iimenyu, iiwijethi, iiwallpaper, njl.

Kwinkqubo yokusebenza ye-Apple Mac OS X sineendawo ezizodwa zedesktop, kuba iApple iyila enye yezi nkqubo zayo, ezinje ngeAqua. IMicrosoft yenza okufanayo kwiWindows, awunakukhetha phakathi kwe-DE okanye enye, njengoko iWindows XP yayineLuna, iAero yeWindows Vista, iMetro UI (ujongano lomsebenzisi wangoku) lweWindows 8, njl. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwezinye iinkqubo ze-nix, ezinjengezo zisuselwe kwi-Linux kernel, zinokubakho ii-DEs ezininzi ezikhoyo kwaye unokukhetha phakathi kweqela (KDE, GNOME, Xfce, Unity, ...).

iliso! Idesktop ayifani nemeko yedesktop. Umzekelo, iPlasma okanye i-GNOME Shell okanye ubunye ziidesktops kwaye hayi "iimeko zedesktop" nangona sizifakile apha. 

Eyona ndawo ilungileyo yeLinux Desktop ka-2015

Ngalo lonke ixesha ndisenza olu thelekiso okanye uhlalutyo, ndinyanzelisa into enye, eyona ndawo intle yedesktop yeyona uyithandayo. Olu ayilo nqanaba apho kukhethwe okona kulungileyo, kuba zonke zinobubi kunye neenzuzo. Ukhetho lolobuqu kwaye apha siza kubazisa kuphela, nangona ingengabo bonke, kodwa lolona lubalaseleyo. Y Ukuhanjiswa kwakho kweLinux akujongeka njengefoto yangaphambili, kungcono ube nomnye wabo ...

Ukuze ungenzi uluhlu lude kakhulu, kuba zininzi phakathi kweeprojekthi eziphambili kunye neefolokhwe eziye zavela, siza kukhetha u-10. Ezona ndawo zibonakalayo zedesktop yeLinux yale 2015 Zizo zilandelayo:

Indawo yokusebenzela yePlasma

Ungatsho ukuba i-KDE Plasma Workspace, okanye yaziwa nje ngokuba yiPlasma (eyayisakuba yi-KDE), Yimeko yedesktop yaseYurophu ngokugqwesa. Inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yaphehlelelwa ngo-1998, isekwe kwisakhelo se-Qt, esibhalwe kwi-C ++ kwaye sisebenzisa iDolphin njengomphathi wefayile, ukongeza ekubeni isekwe kubuchwephesha be-KDE Isakhelo setekhnoloji apho idesktop kunye neeapps zakhiwe khona. Iprojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1996 nguMatthias Ettrich kwaye njengayo yonke imithombo evulekileyo, ekhutshwe phantsi kwelayisensi ye-LGPL. Ngokudibeneyo neGNOME yenye yamagqala kwaye ngenxa yoko inenkxaso eninzi kwaye ukukhula kwayo kuhlala kukho iqonga elipheleleyo elijikeleze kuyo elinobuninzi bezicelo ezinje ngeKMail, Amarok, Calligra Suite, KDevelop, Konsole, Konqueror, Kate njl njl.

Kwaye kwizithuba ezingaphantsi kwesihloko, isifinyezo se KDE sisifinyezo segama elithi K Desktop yokusiNgqongileyo kwaye ngoku azisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kwidesktop, kodwa kwiqela lokuphuhlisa iPlasma. Xa kwakusungulwa i-KDE 4 olu tshintsho lwegama kwagqitywa ngalo kwaye i-KDE 5 ayizange ibekho. Nokuba kungayintoni na, ngasemva kwePlasma kufihla indawo enokuma iqwalaselwe, enamandla, yanamhlanje kwaye nangona sisikhokelo esintsonkothileyo nesisezingeni eliphambili, ke ngoko ayithathwa njengendawo yedesktop engasindi inokusebenza kwizixhobo ezindala okanye ezingenamandla ngaphandle kweengxaki.

GNOME

Kunye ne KDE, i-GNOME yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili kunye neyona ndawo iphambili yedesktop. Yaqalwa nguMiguel de Icaza kunye noFederico Mena njengenxalenye yeprojekthi ye-GNU kwaye igama layo livela Imeko yokuNxibelelana kweModeli ye-Gnu. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kokuqala kubuyela kwi-1999, ke yiprojekhthi encinci kune-KDE kwaye yakhiwe kwi-C, C ++, Python, Vala, Genie nakwiJavaScript.

Zombini i-GNOME kunye neziphumo zayo, ngokungafaniyo ne KDE, ungqiyame kwiGTK +, uthotho lwamathala eencwadi okuphuhlisa ii-GUI ezahlukileyo kwi-Qt. Kodwa njenge KDE, inophuhliso olubanzi kunye noluntu oluxhasayo, kunye nobuninzi beapps ezenzelwe le ndawo. Inezandiso ezinokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo kwaye ilula kwaye ithe tye, kodwa ayinazo izinto ezithile zokusebenza kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lokunatyiswa inokuba mbi ngakumbi kunaleyo yokhuphiswano.

UMATE

Ngokusekwe kwikhowudi ye-GNOME 2, UMATE yifolokhwe evela kwiingxabano kunye nokungonwabi ngeenguqu ze-GNOME 3. Yimeko elula necocekileyo enokusebenza kwiikhompyuter ezindala okanye ngezixhobo ezimbalwa, ke ngoko ithathwa njengendawo ekhanyayo yedesktop. Kwaye nangona isebenza kakuhle kakhulu, mhlawumbi uluntu olusemva kwale projekthi alukho lukhulu njengolo lwe KDE okanye i-GNOME.

NgoBathathu Emnye

Yifolokhwe ye KDE, njengoMATE uvela kwiGNOME. Xa utshintsho lwenzekile kwi-KDE 4, bekukho ukungangqinelani kunye nokungahambi kakuhle phakathi kwabasebenzisi kwaye uZiqu-zintathu wavela eqhubeka nekhowudi ye-KDE 3. Ke ngoko lukhetho olufanelekileyo kubathandi benkangeleko endala ye-KDE kwaye abanomatshini abancinci abanamandla okanye ngaphezulu.

Xfce

Yiprojekthi eneminyaka emininzi yophuhliso. I-Xfce isekwe kwi-GTK + kwaye ibikho ukusukela nge1996 ukuphucula rhoqo. Yindawo elula kakhulu nesebenziseka lula, kodwa eyona nto iphambili kuyo kunye nefilosofi eyayiqale phantsi kwayo le projekthi kukukhanya. Kungenxa yoko le nto ilungile koomatshini abaphantsi okanye oomatshini abadala. Ngoku iphinde yahlengahlengiswa kwaye yanikwa ukujonga okufanayo kwi-Mac OS X, kunye nedokethi emazantsi kunye nebha ephezulu ...

Lxde

I-LXDE iphuma ngo-2006 kwaye ilula kakhulu nge-DE, ilungiselelwe ngokupheleleyo ukusebenzisa oovimba abambalwa kakhulu kwaye ibaleke koomatshini abanamandla angaphantsi okanye izixhobo zentsimbi zokuqala. Yenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokulula, yomelele kwaye ilula, ngenkangeleko enokubakhumbuza ngakumbi ii-DEs zakudala okanye iiWindows, ke umbono olungileyo wabaqalayo.

U khanyiso

Yikholwe okanye hayi Ukhanyiso phantse luphambili njengeGNOME kunye ne KDENangona ifumene inzala encinci kuluntu kwaye ayinakuba nabaphuhlisi abaninzi abanomdla kwiprojekthi njengeedisktops ezinkulu. Yaqalwa ngo-1997 ngenjongo yokudala idesktop enobunzima obungaphucukanga ngokwendlela yemizobo kunye namava amahle okubonakalayo.

Kukude kwezinye iidesika, ke ngoko kunjalo inomdla kwabo bafuna into eyahlukileyo kwiidesika zesintu. Ukongeza, inokuguqulwa iye kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye nangona isenokuba semacaleni ngokuthelekiswa nabakhuphiswano abakhulu, ezinye ii-distros ziyifakile ngokungagqibekanga ...

Cinnamon

Cinnamon, ngeSpanish "canela", esekwe kwiGNOME Shell kwaye yenziwa ngabaphuhlisi beLinux Mint ngo-2012 ukuba babenendawo yemeko-bume yedesktop kolu lonikezelo ludumileyo. Nangona le projekthi inomdla kakhulu kwaye inokusetyenziswa kwezinye ii-distros. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka nditsho ukuba inezinto ezininzi ezinazo iidesktops ezinjengeGNOME okanye uManyano.

Iyasebenza, iyenziwa ngokwezifiso kakhulu, uqhelene neemfuno ezintsha zabasebenzisi banamhlanje ukuba yiprojekthi entsha, ipolishwe kakhulu, njl. Phakathi kokungalunganga kwayo kukho ubukho bezinye iimpazamo ezinokulungiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa kufanelekile kwaye iiapplet zayo kunye needesika (iiwijethi zedesktop) zinokubamba umdla wakho.

ubunye

Ubunye yiprojekthi enkulu yeCanonical kwaye isekwe kwi-GNOME kwaye inokuthathwa njenge "imeko-bume ye desktop" kwaye ndiyibeka kwizicaphuno kuba singangena ukuxoxa ngale nto ... Mhlawumbi ukufana okuninzi nemeko zeApple kutsala umdla, njengebhola ephezulu, isiqalisi (nangona ayikho emazantsi njenge-OS X dock) yezicelo, iDash yakho, njl. Amava andixelela ukuba i-launcher iyakwazi ukugcina i-icon icocekile kwi-desktop, kunakwiminye imimandla ye-desktop okanye iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zihlala zingena kumhlaba wonke weendlela ezimfutshane, ii-icon kunye nemikhombandlela.

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiprojekthi, ubunye busetyenziswa ku-Ubuntu kuphela. Kodwa iveza amava omsebenzisi amahle kakhulu Kulabo bafuna ukuba nayo yonke into esesandleni, yenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuba ii -apps ziyifakelwe (kuba ngelishwa, kunye nokudibanisa okungagqibekanga ayinakulungiswa kakhulu), inomdla kakhulu, ibandakanya ubuchwephesha bokugqibela, njl. Ngokuchasene nayo inokuba nenkqubo yayo yokwazisa, enokuthi iphuculwe kunye nokungangqinelani okuthile ekufuneka kulungisiwe.

efanisa

I-Pantheon yiprojekthi encinci kunazo zonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kolu luhlu. Yaphuhliswa liqela le-elementaryOS kwi-2013 njengeyodwa, ezimeleyo, ye-GTK3 esekwe kwi-DE. Inokukukhumbuza uninzi lwe-Apple Mac OS X ngokufana kwayo kwaye iyanconywa ngokucoceka kakhulu, ijongeka ngathi yeyangoku, kwaye ilula.

Kwimiba ethile inokukukhumbuza ubumbano, kodwa inemenyu enokwenziwa ngokwezifiso, iziphumo ezifihlakeleyo zedesktop, ukuhambelana okuhle, ukukhanya ekusebenziseni izixhobo, inomdla kubaqalayo, ubuncincinjl. Ikwabandakanya ii -apps ezininzi ezingagqibekanga ezifana nesikhangeli sayo sewebhu seMidori, umxhasi we-imeyile yeGeary, Isandi somdlali weaudiyo, iSwitchboard njengePaneli yokuLawula, umndululi obizwa ngokuba yiSlingshot, iDock ebizwa ngokuba yiPlank, kunye nomphathi wefayile obizwa ngokuba ziiFayile zePheheon.

Zininzi ezinye iidesika zihlala zisepayipini, ezinye zinobuchule kwaye zincinci ezizalelwe ukophula isiko lesiqhelo. Njenge-Deepin Desktop yeNdalo ebhalwe kwi-HTML5 kwaye isekwe kwi-GNOME, le iboniswe yiProjekthi yeSolus (ngaphambi kwe-Evolve OS), iPapyros (ngaphambi kwe-Quantum OS) ngomnye umzekelo ngomsebenzi abawenzileyo besebenzisa i-Google's Material Design, okanye izisombululo ezinikezwe ngabaphuhlisi ye-Ozon OS, encinci kangako ... 

Ungalibali ukushiya izimvo zakho, iingcebiso nezimvo… Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku lithobekileyo likuncede ukuba ukhethe i-DE oyithandayo xa ungagqitywanga.