Inkcazo elula yomthi wesikhombisi se-GNU / Linux

Wathi omkhulu uDennis Ritchie que «I-UNIX ilula kakhulu, ithatha kuphela ingqondi ukuqonda ukuqonda kwayo«. Kwaye ngokwenene, nangona inokubonakala inzima kakhulu kwezinye izinto, * nix, kwaye ke ngenxa yeLinux, zilula kwezinye. Ngapha koko, koku kulula okuwenza ukuba abe mahle, abhetyebhetye kwaye abe nomtsalane. Ewe, kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza umthi wesikhokelo se-GNU / Linux ngendlela elula kakhulu.

Ke, imikhombandlela okanye iifolda zedisara yakho abayi kuba neemfihlo kuwe. Ukuzinikezela okukhethekileyo kwabo batsha nabaphuma kuMicrosoft Windows, kuba ukuba bavela kwezinye i-UNIX baya kulungelelanisa phantse kwangoko ngenxa yokufana. Kodwa kuyinyani kwiWindows onokuyazi ukuba iphi i-C: idrive, apho amaXwebhu okanye iiDawunlowudi zikhona, apho i-Desktop okanye mhlawumbi apho iinkqubo zifakwe khona, kodwa ukuze kube lula awudingi kwazi ngakumbi.

Endaweni, kwi-nix, ewe kuya kufuneka uyazi Umthi wolawulo ngendlela enzulu, kuba ziya kusinceda ekufumaneni iifayile zoqwalaselo, faka iipakeji ezithile kwindawo elungileyo, fumana imithombo yekernel, okanye umfanekiso wayo, iifayile zethu zobuqu, njl.

• /: ngowona mlambo mkhulu, ingcambu okanye ingcambu. Eminye imikhombandlela ixhonywe kuyo, Oko kukuthi, zonke ezinye ziya kuba yimikhombandlela yazo (nokuba ikwizahlulo ezahlukeneyo okanye kwiidiski). Ngokuqinisekileyo yeyona ibalulekileyo.
• / bin: sisikhombisi apho iignaries zigcinwa khona, oko kukuthi, iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo yemisebenzi yolawulo enje ngemiyalelo cp, echo, grep, mv, rm, ls, kill, ps, su, tar, njl.
• / sbinI-S yeyenkqubo, kwaye njengoko igama layo libonisa, ii-binaries okanye iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo yokusebenza ngokwazo zigcinwa apha kwimisebenzi yokuqalisa, ukubuyisela, njl. Umzekelo, fsck, mount, mkfs, reboot, swapon, ...
• / ibhodi: isikhombisi se-boot, apho imifanekiso ye-kernel ye-kernel eya kulayishwa ngexesha lokuqalisa, kunye nemikhombandlela kunye noqwalaselo lomlayishi wesiqalo ngokwawo.
• / dev: sisikhombisi esikhethekileyo apho kufunyanwa ibhloko okanye izixhobo zomlinganiswa, oko kukuthi, iifayile ezimele inkumbulo, izahlulelo, iidiski, izixhobo zekhompyuter, njl. Sele uyazi ukuba kwi-UNIX "yonke into" yifayile, kwaye ayiqhubi njenge-Windows ... Umzekelo, idiski enzima okanye izahlulelo ziya kuba / dev / sda1, / dev / sda2, ... / dev / sdb1, njl.
• / kuthetha okanye / mnt: zizikhombisi apho iindawo zokubeka zihlala zibekwe khona. Oko kukuthi, xa sifaka imithombo yeendaba ethile ekhutshiweyo okanye isibonelelo sothungelwano ekwabelwana ngaso, njl.njl. Eyokuqala ichaze ngakumbi imithombo yeendaba ebekwe okwexeshana.
• / njl: kubaluleke kakhulu kumlawuli, kuba iifayile zoqwalaselo lwenkqubo kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifakiweyo zihlala apha.
• / ikhaya: sisikhombisi sabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, nazi iifayile zobuqu zigcinwa kwimikhombandlela eyahlukileyo (inye yomsebenzisi ngamnye enegama). Umzekelo, / home / isaac okanye ~ iya kuba sisikhombisi sasekhaya ...
• / lib okanye / lib64: kulapho iilayibrari eziyimfuneko kwimigqomo ekhoyo kwinkqubo igcinwe khona. Kwi / lib64 iya kuba yeyosetyenziso lwe-64-bit.
• / opt: sisikhombisi esigcina iipakeji okanye iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinkqubo evela kubantu besithathu. Umzekelo, ukuba sifaka i-antivirus, i-Chrome, i-Arduino IDE, ... okanye iipakeji ezithile ezinkulu, zihlala zifakwa apha.
• / Inkqubo: sesinye isikhombisi esikhetheke ngakumbi, ngaphezulu kwesikhombisi kukujongana nokubeka ngokulula. Kwaye apha inkqubo iveza iinkqubo njengezikhombisi ezineenombolo kunye ne-PID. Ngaphakathi nganye kuzo kuya kubakho lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo nganye eqhubekayo. Ukongeza, uya kufumana iifayile apho unokukhupha khona ulwazi olubalulekileyo, njenge cpuinfo, meminfo, njl. Ngokuchanekileyo kwezi fayile ukuba eminye imiyalelo esihlala siyisebenzisa ukukhupha ulwazi, umzekelo, xa sisebenzisa simahla ukujonga imemori ekhoyo, lo myalelo uya kuthi ubonise umxholo we / proc / meminfo ngendlela enocwangco.
• / ingcambu: Ungadideki kunye /, Inye kuphela into eneengcambu ulawulo okanye ingcambu kunye nenye ingcambu. Kule meko, inokufana ne / ekhaya kodwa ikhetheke kwingcambu okanye kumsebenzisi onelungelo.
• / svrukugcina iifayile kunye nemikhombandlela enxulumene neeseva ozifakileyo kwinkqubo, njengewebhu, i-FTP, i-CVS, njl.
• / ii-sys: Kunye ne / dev kunye / proc, yenye yezinto ezizodwa. Kwaye ukusukela / i-proc, ayigcini nantoni na, kodwa kunoko ikwisixhobo esibonakalayo. Kule meko, ziifayile ezibonakalayo ezinolwazi lwekernel kwaye ezinye zeefayile zazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukuqwalasela iiparameter ezithile zekernel.
• / tmp: sisikhombisi seefayile zethutyana zazo zonke iintlobo. Isetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi ukugcina iifayile ezithile okwexeshana okanye nokugcina i-cache okanye iifayile ezithile ezinokuvela kwiibrawuza zewebhu, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kukho esinye isikhombisi esifanayo / var / tmp.
• / varkuba bendiyinike igama ngaphambili, sisikhombisi esinemikhombandlela kunye neefayile ezihlala zikhula ngobukhulu, ezinjengeedatha, iilog, njl. Ngokuchanekileyo iilog okanye iirejista zenkqubo ezenza ukuba esi sikhombisi sithandwe ngakumbi, kwaye apho unokufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga nayo yonke into eyenzekayo kwinkqubo: / var / logs /. Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhombisi uya kufumana, kwahlulwe yimikhombandlela, izingodo zesininzi sesoftware, kubandakanya inkqubo.
• / usr: sisishunqulelo sezixhobo zoMsebenzisi weNkqubo, kwaye sithetha nje sigcina iifayile zokufunda kuphela ezinxulumene nezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezinje ngeephakeji esizifakayo ngumphathi wephakheji kwi-distro yethu. Ngaphakathi kukho i "replica" yomthi we-directory obonwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (phantse konke) ngokungathi kwinqanaba lesibini. Uyakufumana / usr / bin, / usr / lib, / usr / sbin, / usr / src, njl.njl., Oko kuthethwe ngasentla kunye namagama abo, unokufumana umbono wento abayigcinayo. Thetha nje / usr / src apho iifayile zekhowudi yemvelaphi ziya kuhlala khona.

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba ayizizo zonke ii-distros ezilandela esi sikimu kwaye kunokubakho iiyantlukwano ezincinci, kodwa ukuba zilungelelanisiwe I-FHS, ngekhe ube nengxaki enkulu ...