Wannan rukunin labaran yana nufin ba da labarin Unix, tsarin aiki wanda ya share fagen Linux, tushen tushen tushen BSD, da macOS da Android kai tsaye. Amma don fahimtar Unix dole ne ku san tarihin Bell Labs, sashin binciken AT & T.
Lallai akwai ƙananan shari'oi a ciki kamfani yana ƙirƙirar masana'antar kusan kanta. Motoci, masana'antar komputa ko kera jiragen sama sakamakon sakamakon binciken mutane da yawa a wurare daban-daban. Madadin haka Bell Labs da wadanda suka gabace shi, rassan bincike na Western Electric da AT&T, sun haɓaka kusan duk abin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwar tarho ta zamani.
AT&T yana da asali daga wanda ya kirkiro wayar da kansa, Alexander Graham Bell. A zamanin farko, abubuwan da muke ɗauka yanzu da wasa kamar sautin ringi, sautin aiki, ƙugiya don rataye wayar hannu ko bugun kiran sauri babu su. An ce idan kuna son yin kira dole ne ku yi ihu kuma ku jira wani wanda ya wuce kusa da na'urar ya amsa muku.
Kamfanin Dole ne in warware dubban matsaloli kowace rana wanda babu wanda ya taɓa fuskanta har zuwa wannan lokacin. A kan haka ne ya kirkirar da wasu kwararrun masana da suka hada da injiniyoyi, masu hada magunguna, masana kimiyyar lissafi, masana lissafi da kwararru a fannin karafa da sauransu.. Ba wai kawai dole ne su ci gaba da tsarin yau da kullun cikin aiki ba amma don shirya shi don ƙarin buƙatu. Bugu da ƙari, don ci gaba da kasancewa mallakinta, dole ne ya rage farashin.
Akwai manyan matsaloli guda biyu wajan cimma wadannan buri. Vacuum shambura (wanne muna magana a cikin labarin da ya gabatar da reles.
Relay wani abu ne mai sauya wutan lantarki wanda yake baiwa wutan lantarki damar wucewa idan an rufe sannan kuma ya hanashi budewa. Hakanan ana yin buɗewa da rufewa na canzawa ta hanyar lantarki.
Kirkirar bututun iska abu ne mai ƙarancin fasaha wanda ke buƙatar matakai da yawa kuma tare da ɗan haƙurin gazawa.. Da zarar an gina suna da yawan amfani da wutar lantarki kuma suna haifar da zafi mai yawa. Relays, wanda aikinsa shi ne tabbatar da cewa kira ya kai ga inda suke so a cikin hanyar sadarwar tarho, tSuna da lambobin ƙarfe da yawa waɗanda suka tsufa. Hakanan, lokacin amsarta ya yi jinkiri.
M-jihar kimiyyar lissafi da kuma zuwan transistor
Ingantaccen yanayin kimiyyar lissafi an sadaukar dashi ne don nazarin kadarorin kayan aiki da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da kaddarorinsu a ma'aunin atom.
Abubuwa masu sauki ana kirkiresu ne daga tarin atam, wadanda suke mu'amala sosai. Waɗannan mu'amala suna samar da injiniya (misali, taurin da taushi), yanayin zafi, lantarki, magnetic, da kimiyyar gani.
A cikin na'urorin jihar masu ƙarfi wutar lantarki tana gudana ta cikin lu'ulu'u mai ƙanƙan da kai (silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium) maimakon ta tubes.
Idan zasu iya samo kayan da suka dace, Laburaren Bell rage farashi, lokacin kerawa, da rayuwar hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu wajan kiran waya da tabbatar da ingancin sigina.
A cikin 1939 sun fara karatun kayan karatun semiconductor. Wadannan kayan ana kiransu da suna ne saboda basuda kyau wajen tafiyar da wutar lantarki kamar yadda akeyi da jan karfe) ko kuma masu insulators na lantarki kamar gilashi. Wani kayan mai ban sha'awa shine kawai suna ba da izinin halin yanzu ya wuce ta hanya ɗaya. Ya zama dole kawai don nemo kayan da shima ya kara sautin.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya katse aikin inda aka keɓe kayan aikin Laboratories na Bell don sadarwar soji da haɓaka fasahar gano radar.
Sake dawo da aikin su, masana kimiyya sun ci karo da matsala, kayan aikin semiconductor ba su da kayan haɓakawa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ɓangaren ɓangaren kayan aikin semiconductor (suna amfani da Germanium ko Silicon) ya hana wucewar halin yanzu. A ƙarshe sun warware matsalar ta hanyar amfani da maganin sassauci.
Daga nan suka kirkiri wata naura wacce aka yi ta da karamin yanki na kayan karafan semiconductor kusan kwata kwatankwacin girman dinari a kan karfe. An saka waya a gindin yayin da karamin gwal mai gwal wanda aka nade shi zinare ya nufi saman fuskar yanki. A tip akwai ƙaramin, kusan raunin da ba a iya fahimta ba ƙirƙirar wayoyi biyu tare da ƙaramin rabuwa.
Wannan na'urar zata zama tushe ga wani abu da aka sani da transistor kuma zai zama tushen masana'antar lantarki a cikin shekarun XNUMX da XNUMX. Hakanan zasu ba da izinin fitowar ƙarni na biyu na kwamfutocin lantarki.