Jagorar Shigar Arch Linux 2017

Na sabunta Jagorar shigarwa ta Arch Linux A cikin wannan shekara ta 2017, don haka canje-canjen kaɗan ne, aikin har yanzu yana nan. Na yanke shawarar bayyana dualboot tare da Windows bisa bukatar wasu, kuma shigarwa a cikin wata rumfa ta zamani.

Arch Linux shine rarraba GNU / Linux haɓaka don tsarin i686 da x86-64, dangane da samfurin saki-mirgina: (shigarwa ɗaya, babu “sabon fitarwa”, kawai sabuntawa) yana ba da ingantattun sifofi na mafi yawan software. Kodayake mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa don mutanen da suka ci gaba ne, gaskiyar ita ce ba kowa ne zai iya girka ta ba ta amfani da Wiki ko wani jagorar shigarwa kamar wannan.

Wannan jagorar ya dogara ne akan:

• Shafi: 2017.10.01
• Kernel: 4.13.3

Abubuwan buƙata.

Idan zaku girka daga na'uran kama-da-wane, kawai ku san yadda ake saita shi da yadda ake kora ISO.

• San yadda ake kona iso a CD / DVD ko USB
• San irin kayan aikin da kwamfutarka ke da su (nau'in keyboard, katin bidiyo, gine-ginen masarrafar ku, yaya filin diski mai yawa)
• Sanya BIOS dinka don kora CD / DVD ko USB inda kake da Arch Linux
• Ji kamar shigar da distro
• Kuma sama da duka haƙuri mai yawa haƙuri

Hankali: Idan shine karo na farko da zaku girka wannan Tsarin aikin kuma baku da ilimin Linux a baya, ina bada shawarar abubuwa 2:

1. - Mafi kyawu a gare ka shine ka yi girke-girke daga wata na’ura ta zamani, kamar su VirtualBox ko VMware domin ka fara kunna kadan kadan kadan tare da tabbatar da cewa babu abin da zai faru saboda kana kan na’urar kama-da-wane.

2.- Idan zaka girka Arch Linux a matsayin tsari guda akan kwamfutarka Yi ajiyar ajiyar fayilolinka mafiya mahimmanci ka sami CD / DVD ko kuma tsarin tsarinka na yanzu yana hannunka, saboda idan baka yi shigarwar ba wasiƙar ko kuma idan ba a gama shigarwar ba kuma za ku rasa komai.

Zazzage Arch Linux kuma shirya kafofin watsa labarai shigarwa

Mataki na farko don iya shigar Arch Liunx a cikin ƙungiyarmu zai kasance zazzage Arch Linux 2017 iso Ina ba da shawarar sauke ta hanyar Torrent ko hanyar Magnet.

CD / DVD kafofin watsa labarai kafuwa

• Windows: Za mu iya ƙone iso tare da Imgburn, UltraISO, Nerko kowane irin shiri koda ba tare da su ba a cikin Windows 7 kuma daga baya ya ba mu zaɓi don danna dama akan ISO.
• Linux: Suna iya amfani da shi musamman wanda ya zo da yanayin zayyanawa, daga cikinsu akwai, Brasero, k3b, da Xfburn.

Kebul na matsakaici

• Windows: Za a iya yi amfani da Universal USB Installer ko LinuxLive USB Mahaliccidukansu suna da saukin amfani.

Linux: Zaɓin Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da umarnin dd:

dd bs=4M if=/ruta/a/archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx

Boot USB / CD Arch Linux

A cikin allon boot zai nuna mana abubuwa masu zuwa kawai dole ne mu zabi gine-gine daidai da mai sarrafa mu.

Zai fara loda duk abin da ake buƙata kuma zai bayyana a cikin yanayin tashar.

Kasancewa a wannan allon zamu fara da girkawa. Ta tsoho Arch Linux yana da harshen Ingilishi, a halinmu za a ba da shawarar mu saka shi a cikin Mutanen Espanya.

Sanya keyboard a cikin Sifen.

loadkeys la-latin1

Irƙirar bangare

Arch Linux yana da lahani tare da kayan aikin masu zuwa don gudanar da faifai: cfdisk, cgdisk, fdisk. Mafi yawan zaɓi shawarar shine amfani: cfdisk.

Wadannan matakan sune idan aka sanya Arch Linux a matsayin tsarin kawai a kwamfutarmu, idan har aka girka tare da wani tsarin na Linux, dole ne mu tsallake kirkirar BOOT partition, da kuma girka GRUB.

Yanzu idan za a shigar da Arch Linux tare da Windows, dole ne ku yi hankali kuma kada ku share ɓangaren mbr idan ba za ku rasa damar zuwa Windows ba.

Umarnin Dual BOOT Windows & Arch Linux.

solo dole ne a kashe zabin "Tsare KYAUTA" a cikin BIOS ɗinka. Kada ku tambaye ni inda yake, tunda sigar BIOS da nau'ikan kasuwanci daban-daban ne, amma yana da sauƙi a samu tsakanin zaɓuɓɓukan BIOS ɗin ku.

Dole a sake girman rumbun kwamfutarkaDon ba Arch Linux sarari, ana ba da shawarar barin 40GB na sarari, aƙalla.

Yanzu zamu ci gaba da bin matakan farko na karatun har zuwa lokacin da muke amfani da cfdisk.

Dole ne mu fahimci rabe-raben Windows da mbr, da kuma sararin da zamu baiwa Arch Linux. Mbr zai kasance koyaushe a cikin bangare na farko sannan bangare na Windows zai zama ntfs, a nawa (dev / sdb2) kuma sararin samaniya zai nuna mana matsayin sarari kyauta.

• UEFI: anan yakamata ku lura tunda bangare na farko ya kasance koyaushe don kora EFI, don haka wannan gabaɗaya shine inda aka adana Windows boot ta wannan hanyar.

$ESP/Microsoft/BOOT/BOOTmgfw.efi

Don haka kawai dole ne ka ƙirƙiri babban fayil a $ ESP / azaman "BOOT". Yanzu zamu iya ci gaba da koyarwar, a ƙarshe zamu tafi ƙarshen karatun inda zan bar umarnin don ƙara Windows zuwa Arch Linux's GRUB.

Mun kirkiro bangare 4:

1. / KYAUTA: Wannan sashin zai ƙaddara ga GRUB. (ga waɗanda suke da UEFI ba lallai bane, kawai don ƙirƙirar babban fayil ɗin BOOT a cikin wannan bangare)
2. / (tushen): Wannan bangare an bada shawarar samun 15 Gb, zai dauki bakuncin dukkan fayilolinmu.
3. / gida: Inda za a adana takaddunmu, hotuna, bidiyo, da sauransu, don haka ana ba da shawarar a sanya shi mafi girman girma.
4. Musanya: Wannan bangare shine kasaftawa "kama-da-wane" ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya idan har tana da ƙasa da 2Gb na RAM. Ba'a ba da shawarar yin amfani da musanya da fiye da 2Gb na RAM ba.

• A cikin kwamfutoci masu ƙwaƙwalwar RAM har zuwa Giga 1, SWAP ya zama babba kamar RAM.
• Don 2GB SWAP ya zama babba kamar RAM.

Amfani da cfdisk jerin umarnin zai kasance: Sabo »Firamare | Girman hankali »Girman (a cikin MB)» Farkon.

Cikakkun bayanai guda biyu da za ayi la'akari da su: A game da bangare da aka zaba a matsayin Swap, jeka hanyar "Type" ka zabi 82 (Linux Swap) daga jeren.

A yanayin saukan da aka zaba azaman / BOOT, zaɓi zaɓi "bootable".

Da zarar an gama raba, za mu adana canje-canje ta "Rubuta", kuma mu tabbatar ta hanyar rubuta "eh", da zarar an gama wannan babu gudu babu ja da baya kuma duk canje-canjen da aka yi za a rubuta su.

Don fita zaɓi "Kashe". Yanzu za mu ci gaba da tsara abubuwan da aka kirkira, don haka yana da kyau a san wace hanya ce makasudin sassan. Zamu fara da tsara bangaren BOOT:

mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sda1

Don tushen bangare:

mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda2

Don / gida:

mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda3

Don tsara Swap, yi amfani da umarnin mkswap:

mkswap /dev/sda4

Ya rage kawai don kunna Swap tare da:

swapon /dev/sda4

Partara kashi zuwa tsarin: Da farko mun hau partition na / en / mnt:

mount /dev/sda2 /mnt

Muna kirkirar kundin adireshi na sauran bangarorin a ciki / mnt:

mkdir /mnt/BOOT

mkdir /mnt/home 

Mun hau daidai bangarorin:

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/BOOT mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home

Haɗa Arch Linux zuwa intanet (wifi)

Idan muna amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka kuma ba mu da kebul na cibiyar sadarwa, ya zama dole a haɗa tsarin zuwa cibiyar sadarwar don yin shigarwa. Dole ne a yi amfani da umarnin:

wifi-menu

Bayan haka zamu bincika alaƙarmu da:

ping -c 3 www.google.com

Girka Arch Linux

Za mu fara tare da umarni mai zuwa:

pacstrap /mnt base base-devel

Hakanan idan muka ci gaba da amfani da WIFI zamu buƙaci wannan tallafi daga baya:

pacstrap /mnt netctl wpa_supplicant dialog

An gama tare da shigar da tsarin tushe, zamu ci gaba tare da Grub:

pacstrap /mnt grub-bios

Zamu kara Tallafawar Manajan Yanar gizo:

pacstrap /mnt networkmanager

Mataki na zabi: Addara tallafi ga TouchPad ɗinmu (idan kuna da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka).

pacstrap /mnt xf86-input-synaptics

Girka girke-girke na GRUB

pacstrap /mnt grub-bios

Harhadawa da Tsarin

A wannan matakin zamuyi ayyukan daidaitawa iri-iri don tsarinmu. Na farko, za mu samar da fayil din fstab tare da:

genfstab -p /mnt /mnt/etc/fstab

Ga sauran ayyukan daidaitawa, zamu chroot ɗin sabon tsarin da aka girka:

arch-chroot /mnt

Dole ne mu saita sunan sunan mu a cikin / sauransu / sunan mai masauki. Misali:

localhostecho 'NOMBRE_DEL_HOST /etc/hostname

Yanzu, muna ƙirƙirar haɗin alama (symlink) daga / sauransu / lokaci na gida zuwa / usr / share / zoneinfo // (maye gurbin dangane da yanayin yankin ku). Misali, don Mexico:

ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City /etc/localtime

Kafa sa'o'i a yankinmu.

• España

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Madrid /etc/localtime

• México

ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City /etc/localtime

• Guatemala

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Buenos_Aires /etc/localtime

• Colombia

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Bogota /etc/localtime

• Ecuador

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Guayaquil /etc/localtime

• Peru

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Lima /etc/localtime

• Chile

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Santiago /etc/localtime

• Guatemala

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Guatemala /etc/localtime

• El Salvador

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/El_Salvador /etc/localtime 

• Bolivia

ln -sf usr/share/zoneinfo/America/La_Paz /etc/localtime

• Paraguay

ln -sf usr/share/zoneinfo/posix/America/Asuncion /etc/localtime

• Uruguay

ln -sf usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montevideo /etc/localtime

• Nicaragua

ln -sf usr/share/zoneinfo/posix/America/Managua /etc/localtime

• Dominika

ln -sf usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Santo_Domingo /etc/localtime

• Venezuela

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Caracas /etc/localtime

Saita abubuwan da kake so na gida ta hanyar gyara /etc/locale.conf fayil, misali, don Meziko:

echo 'es_MX.UTF-8 UTF-8 /etc/locale.gen echo 'LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 /etc/locale.conf

• España

LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 

• Argentina

LANG=es_AR.UTF-8

• Colombia

LANG=es_CO.UTF-8 

• Ecuador

LANG=es_EC.UTF-8 

• Peru

LANG=es_PE.UTF-8 

• Chile

LANG=es_CL.UTF-8 

• Guatemala

LANG=es_GT.UTF-8 

• El Salvador

LANG=es_SV.UTF-8 

• Bolivia

LANG=es_BO.UTF-8 

• Paraguay

LANG=es_PY.UTF-8

• Uruguay

LANG=es_UY.UTF-8

• Nicaragua

LANG=es_NI.UTF-8

• Jamhuriyar Dominican

LANG=es_DO.UTF-8

• Venezuela

LANG=es_VE.UTF-8

Hakanan a cikin fayil /etc/locale.gen dole ne mu damu (cire "#" a farkon layin) wurinka, misali:

#es_HN ISO-8859-1 es_MX.UTF-8 UTF-8 #es_MX ISO-8859-1

Don haka yanzu zamu iya samar da wurinka tare da:

locale-gen

Ba za mu manta da gaskiyar cewa abin da ke sama ba ya tsara fasalin madanninmu (wanda muka yi don zaman na yanzu / tare da lokaye a mataki na 2), saboda haka dole ne mu saita maɓallin KEYMAP a cikin /etc/vconsole.conf fayil (dole ne ka ƙirƙiri wannan fayil ɗin). Misali:

echo 'KEYMAP=es /etc/vconsole.conf KEYMAP=la-latin1

Tabbas kuna mamaki:

"Kuma ba a saita waɗannan duka a cikin /etc/rc.conf, babban fayil ɗin daidaitawa na Arch Linux ba?"

Amsar a takaice ce: babu sauran! Dalilin: Haɗa initscripts da tsarin tsari.

Yanzu kowane zaɓi na tsari an saita shi a cikin fayil ɗin da ya dace. Matakan da ke gaba suna shigar da aikace-aikacen GRUB UEFI a cikin $ esp / EFI / grub, shigar da matakan a cikin / boot / grub / x86_64-efi, sa'annan su sanya bootub grubx64.efi stub a $ esp / EFI / grub_uefi.

Da farko, muna gaya wa GRUB yayi amfani da UEFI, saita kundin boot, kuma saita ID. bootloader.

Canja $ esp tare da bangare na efi (galibi / boot): Lura: Yayinda wasu rabarwar ke buƙatar kundin / boot / efi ko / boot / EFI, Arch baya. –Efi-directory da –bootloader-id takamaiman GRUB UEFI. –Efi-directory yana ƙayyade maɓallin dutsen ESP.

Wannan ya maye gurbin –root-directory, wanda aka rage daraja. –Bootloader-id takan bayyana sunan shugabanci da aka yi amfani da shi don adana fayil ɗin grubx64.efi.

Kuna iya lura da rashin zaɓi (misali: / dev / sda) a cikin umarnin:

grub-install

A zahiri, duk abin da aka bayar za ayi watsi dashi ta hanyar shigarwar GRUB, tunda masu ɗaukar boot na UEFI basa amfani da MBR na bangare ko ɓangaren sam sam. Kawai ga waɗanda ke da uefi umarnin don amfani da wannan

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=$esp --bootloader-id=grub_uefi --recheck/sourcecode] Ahora, configuramos el bootloader, en este caso, GRUB: [sourcecode language="plain"]grub-install /dev/sda

Kuma mun ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin grub.cfg tare da:

grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Idan ya cancanta (kodayake yawanci ba haka bane), gyara fayil /etc/mkinitcpio.conf gwargwadon bukatunku. Don haka, zamu ƙirƙiri faifan RAM na farko tare da:

mkinitcpio -p linux

Ba za mu manta da saita kalmar sirri don tushen mai amfani da:

passwd

Muna ƙirƙirar mai amfani da mu ban da tushen mai amfani kuma muna ba shi izinin da ake buƙata:

useradd -m -g users -G audio,lp,optical,storage,video,wheel,games,power,scanner -s /bin/bash USUARIO

Yanzu, zamu iya barin yanayin chroot tare da:

exit

Muna zazzage ɓangarorin da aka saka a baya a cikin / mnt tare da:

umount /mnt/{boot,home,}

Kuma a ƙarshe, zamu sake farawa da tsarin tare da:

reboot

Idan baku cire CD ba ko kafofin watsa labarai na pendrive, zaku sake ganin menu maraba, inda yanzu dole ne ku zaɓi zaɓi na biyu don na gaba, kar ku manta da cire shi.