A cikin duniyar fasaha an aikata "laifuka" da yawa, kuma a cikin wannan labarin za mu yi magana game da biyu daga cikinsu, kodayake akwai morean kaɗan. Ofayan ɗayan mahimman ballasti a duniya na IBM PC shine BIOS, amma sai ga fata cewa ba haka bane tare da UEFI da Secure Boot cewa ciwon kai da yawa sun ba ƙungiyar software ta kyauta da waɗanda ke sadaukar da kansu don ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki banda Microsoft Windows, tunda an gansu da ƙarfin rashin samun damar fara su a karkashin kwamfuta ta wannan tsarin da Microsoft ta aiwatar ...
Za mu kuma tuna ƙawancen da aka sani da Wintel, wato, Windows (Microsoft) + Intel, wanda ya sami nasarar karɓar samfuran waɗannan kamfanoni don mamaye dukkan ɓangarorin da ƙarfin ƙarfe, kamar yadda suke yi a yau. Idan baku san menene Wintel ba, to game da waɗancan kwamfutocin ne tare da tsarin aiki na Microsoft da kuma wasu ƙananan microprocessor na Intel. Wannan bashi da alaƙa da kalmar MacIntel, ma'ana, ƙawancen Apple da Intel wanda suka canza tsohuwar PowerPC (AIM) don wannan sabuwar ƙungiyar fasahar ...
Wintel: makircin ya fara
A cikin 80s akwai wani hargitsi dangane da kayan aikin komputa tare da mizanai daban-daban a cikin masana'antar (Amiga, Apple, Atari, Acorn, ...), wanda ya tilasta wa masana'antun software da kayan masarufi ƙirƙira da ƙirƙirar ingantattun fasahohi cikin sauri don kama kwastomomin da aka watsar akwai su a lokacin . Amma ba shakka, wannan ba hanya ce ta mamaye sashen da kuma mallakar shi ba, a zahiri lokaci ne da babu wani kamfani da ya mallaki masana'antar.
Madadin haka, wannan yanayin na kirkire-kirkire ya kasance ya zama banda ta hanyar kawancen Wintel, lokacin da Microsoft da Intel suka yi kokarin sanya kansu don mamaye bangaren da aiwatar da tsarin aikinsu. Microsoft Windows da Intel microprocessors bi da bi. Wannan ya haifar musu da kusan mamayar da suke da ita a halin yanzu, kodayake a cewar waɗannan kamfanonin biyu ya kasance ƙawancen fa'ida, gaskiyar ita ce kawai a gare su. Tunda abin da muke da shi yanzu shine Intel mai ƙarfi wanda waɗanda ke fafatawa da shi a hankali suke ɓacewa banda AMD (saboda ya dace da Intel ɗin kanta don guje wa ƙararrun kararraki ɗaya).
Dangane da Wintel, bari muyi amfani da Amux (AMD + Unix) !!!
Wataƙila da yawa daga cikinku za su iya tuna sunaye kamar IBM, STMicroelectronics, NEC, kamfanoni da yawa daga ƙungiyar Soviet, da sauransu da yawa waɗanda suka yi kwakwalwan kwamfuta. x86 mai dacewa daga Intel. Dukansu sun daina yin sa, hatta kamfanonin da aka keɓance su musamman kamar IDT, Cyrix, VIA, Transmeta, da sauransu, a hankali sun ɓace. Dukansu AMD da VIA ne kawai suka rage, amma na ƙarshen ba ya wakiltar kowane kaso na kasuwar ...
El IBM PC wanda ke wakiltar ƙaramar swath na masana'antar sarrafa lissafi na mutum ya haɓaka ta hanyar buga makirci da takardu kan takamaiman kayan aikin ta (buɗe gine) don ɓangarorin na uku su ƙirƙiri kayan aikin da zasu dace da waɗannan kayan aikin. Kuma da isowar kawancen Wintel, wannan karuwar shaharar ba ta da wata ma'ana, kuma yanzu babu sauran ganin da ke kusa da mu don sanin abin da nake magana ...
Wannan yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan masana'antar software, Tunda duk masu haɓaka sun fara kallon abin da ya dace akan dandalin da aka kirkireshi, tunda kasancewa mafi mashahuri sun bada tabbacin samun mafi yawan kwastomomin samfuran su. Rubuta shiri don wani dandamali yana nufin farashin aiwatarwa don ƙananan tallace-tallace, yayin rubuta shi don kwamfutar IBM yana nufin cin nasarar tabbaci. Wannan wani annoba ce da Linux da sauran tsarin kyauta suka samu a baya idan yazo da dacewa da Windows dangane da direbobi da software na asali, kamar yadda muka tattauna anan.
Kuma muna bin labarin a sashe na gaba ...
BIOS: batun rikici
Mun riga mun sami rinjaye na Wintel tare da tsarin IBM PC, amma wannan babi a cikin labarin ya haɗu da wasu kamfanoni don sanya ƙarshen labarin akan wannan labarin. Waɗannan kamfanoni kamar su Kyauta, Phoenix, AMI, Chips da Technologies, da sauransu, waɗanda suka fara ƙirƙirar kwakwalwan kwamfuta tare da firmware masu dacewa da IBM PCs ta yadda duk wani masana'antar kayan aiki na iya ƙirƙirar kayan aiki masu dacewa da kayan aikin da suke so. Wannan zai zama farkon ƙarshen IBM PC don kawo zamanin PC da haɗa dukkan masana'antun da muka sani yau a cikin wannan ɓangaren. IBM ya rasa ƙarfi kuma yanzu wasu kamfanoni suka tattara abubuwan da suke da su waɗanda suka hada PC masu kwakwalwa (misali Compaq).
Microsoft ya riga ya ci nasara kudade masu yawa don MS-DOS ko kuma lasisin DOS da aka baiwa wasu kamfanoni, Intel ditto, tunda ta ƙera kyawawan adadi na kwakwalwan kwamfuta ko karɓar kuɗi daga waɗanda suka ƙera kwakwalwan da suka dace, sai dai daga kamfanonin Soviet waɗanda na ambata a sama cewa a lokuta da yawa sun kasance marasa lasisi, waɗanda aka samar a bayan bayan Intel. Amma da kyau, bari mu taƙaita da tura labarin zuwa inda muke sha'awar, kuma game da waɗancan kamfanonin ne na bayyana a gaba a cikin sakin layi na baya ...
Abin da suke kirkira bai wuce kasa da kwakwalwan kwamfuta ba BIOS (Tsarin Fitar da Fitarwa Na Asali), ma'ana, kwakwalwan kwamfuta tare da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da aikin taya akan kwamfutar, kodayake masana'antun sun bambanta sosai, ƙara daidaito. Bayanin gajeriyar kalmomin BIOS ne Gary Kildall ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a cikin 1975 don tsarin aiki na CP / M don aiwatar da abin da ya zama dole a cikin ROM don kayan aikin su iya ɗora OS ɗin. Wannan ya sami karbuwa daga tsarin DOS.
A cikin DOS akwai buƙatar haɗawa da ROM tare da firmware na BIOS da ake kira BIOS DOS wanda ke iya aiwatar da kayan aikin farko ta hanyar ɗora wasu abubuwan yau da kullun don fara tsarin, sannan kuma iya yin gwajin da ake kira POST (Power-On-Self-Test) don gano inda tsarin aikin yake. sanya shi kuma fara shi, a wannan lokacin ya ba shi iko zuwa gare shi. Kuma wancan?
Da kyau, tunda Microsoft ya riga ya mamaye kasuwar, duk masana'antun kayan aiki sun aiwatar wadannan tsarin don tallafawa tsarin kamfanin, tunda rashin yin hakan yana nufin aiki a cikin kasuwani marassa rinjaye. BIOS ba shine mafi kyawun tsarin ba kuma yana da rufi da matsaloli da yawa, amma wannan ba komai bane, buƙata kuma Windows ce ta gaji ta kuma ci gaba da wannan nauyin duk da cewa akwai mafi kyawun hanyoyin kamar EFI, Open Firmware na PowerPC , ko wasu ayyukan kwanan nan kamar CoreBoot (wanda muka riga muka yi magana akansa a cikin LxA), da sauransu. Sabili da haka, GNU / Linux, FreeBSD, ko kowane tsarin aiki da kuke son girkawa a kan PC, dole ne su magance wannan nauyin ...
UEFI: sabon cin amana ya zama kamar bege ...
Kuma a sa'an nan ya zo a kan scene UEFI (Firmware na Universalarshen Universal), tsarin da kamar ya kawo bege don maye gurbin BIOS kuma ya kayar da tsoho kuma tsohon tsarin BIOS. Gaskiyar ita ce ta yi nasara, amma ba ta kawo haske ba, amma ta kawo duhu, kuma babban dalili shi ne sake Microsoft da matsinta na aiwatar da Secure Boot a cikin kwamfutoci don su dace da Windows 8 ko kuma daga baya.
UEFI ya kasance tsarin zamani ne, amma duk mun san abin da ake nufi Kati mai tsabta ga softwareungiyar software ta kyauta. Mun rubuta koguna na rubuce-rubuce game da shi, kuma har yau har yanzu akwai wasu matsaloli a cikin wasu ƙananan distros da za su iya girka su a kan kwamfuta. Hanyoyin da aka samar sun banbanta matuka, wasu suna bi ta hanyar sayen mabudi ko sa hannu daga Microsoft da kanta (tunda yana hana farawar tsarin aiki da ba'a sanya hannu ba, saboda, dalilai na tsaro, kuma wadanda kawai aka sanya hannu a priori sune na Microsoft da kanta, muna kasuwanci mai kyau ...), saboda haka komai ya daidaita domin babban mai cin gajiyar shine Microsoft ...
Haka ne, gaskiya ne cewa tare da UEFI muna da mai amfani da zamani har ma tare da zane don barin baya mai kama da kamannin DOS na BIOS, don gudana a 32 da 64-rago maimakon 16 na BIOS, tallafi sama da ɓangarori huɗu da aka tallafawa a cikin BIOS da 2,2TB a cikin iyakar iyakar iya sarrafawa don isa 9,4 ZB, farawa da sauri, sassauƙa da sassauƙa, da 'yanci daga tsarin aiki kanta.
LinuxBoot: mafita ta ƙarshe
Kamar yadda muke gani, kawai facin da aka sanya a cikin tarihi cewa a ƙarshe sun kasance dabaru ne kawai don ci gaba da matsaloli na yau da kullun don ƙungiyar 'yanci, ba wai kawai saboda iyakokin BIOS ko Secarfin Boot ba, amma saboda har yanzu tsarin rufaffen tsari ne. Amma yanzu da alama akwai haske a ƙarshen ramin tare da LinuxBoot, wani tsarin budewa yana zuwa sabobin kuma ina fatan samun shi a kwamfutocin gida nan bada dadewa ba.
LinuxBoot an gabatar dashi azaman bude madaidaiciya zuwa UEFI na kamfani. Wata babbar manhaja wacce aka kaddamar a shekarar da ta gabata ta 2017 a karkashin inuwar gidauniyar Linux, kuma hakan yana kara samun karbuwa sannu a hankali kuma yana samun karin tallafi daga kamfanonin kera kayan aiki.
LinuxBoot ya kasance wani shiri na Ron Minnich, marubucin sanannen aikin LinuxBIOS kuma jagoran Google's Coreboot. Yanzu ya sami haɗin kan kamfanoni kamar Google, Facebook, Hoirzon Computing Solutions, da Sigma Biyu waɗanda zasu haɗa kai a cikin LinuxBoot (wanda ake kira bisa ƙa'ida NERF). An tsara shi ne don kawo shi zuwa ga kayan aikin uwar garken Linux, yana bawa masu amfani da masu gudanarwa damar samun iko akan tsarin su (tsara rubutun farawa na kansu, gyara kurakurai, gina lokutansu na zamani, yin amfani da maɓallan su, da sauransu).
da LinuxBoot fa'idodi akan UEFI Su ne:
- Sabis na iya taya da sauri sauri, tare da kusan dakika 20 idan aka kwatanta da mintuna kaɗan da yake ɗauka tare da UEFI akan waɗannan nau'ikan injunan.
- Mai sassauci kamar yadda na ce, tunda kowane na'uran, tsarin fayil (FS) ko ladabi za a iya amfani da su.
- Zai yiwu mafi aminci, tunda Linux da tsarin Linux da direbobi sunfi ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda UEFI ke amfani dasu.
- Yana da gaba ɗaya free.
Kuna iya ganin ƙarin tallafi na LinuxBoot, a matsayin misali ta aikin Binciken Ƙididdiga, aikin da Facebook ya fara don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin bayanai masu ƙarfi da inganci. Kuma ba shi kadai bane, a cikin emulator na QEMU wanda muke amfani dashi sosai LinuxBoot shima an tallafawa, koda a Intel S2600wf, Dell R630, da dai sauransu.
Kar ka manta barin naka comentarios, shakku da ra'ayinku game da wannan sabon tsarin ... Ina fatan hakan ya taimaka muku kuma zaku iya samun cikakken haske game da firmware sannan kuma ku sami ƙarin fata game da wannan tsarin.
Barka dai. Kun bar ni da kafafuna suna ta rawa. Labari mai ban sha'awa da bayani sosai. Barka da warhaka. Game da batun, da fatan za a iya aiwatar da shi a cikin dukkan kwamfutocin gida. Duk mafi kyau.
Labari mai kyau.
Asus ɗina bai dace ba, mataki ...
Abin tausayi cewa a halin yanzu ana tura shi zuwa sabobin kawai
Ya bayyana sarai cewa Linux tana motsi cikin sauri a wannan bangaren da kudin mantuwa game da kwamfyutocin tebur.
Babban labarin, muna fatan cewa LinuxBoot shine gaba ga canjin sarrafa kwamfuta kuma ana iya samunta a matakin kwamfutoci na mutum.
Wannan madadin wannan mummunan lamarin na UEFI yana da kyau a gare ni, amma kada mu zama masu makirci. IBM yana da izinin mallaka akan asalin BIOS, kuma har sai da wasu masana'antun suka sami damar kwafa ta ta hanyar injiniyan baya da dabara ta doka da cewa abu ne da yayi aiki iri daya amma baida lamba iri daya, cewa zamanin clone PC bai fara ba. A lokacin Microsoft ba haka yake ba a yau, babu ƙawancen Wintel saboda Windows ma babu shi. Gaskiya ne cewa an sanya MS-DOS a matsayin shugaban da ba za a yi jayayya ba, amma kuma gaskiya ne cewa ta kasance tare da sauran tsarin da suka dace, daga wasu kamfanoni, kamar DR-DOS ko daga baya OS / 2 Warp a matsayin madadin Windows 3.1.
Inda nake son zuwa shine BIOS ba shi da wani abu da zai hana shigar da tsarin aiki "wadanda ba na Microsoft ba", kawai abin da yake da shi shi ne cewa ya yi jinkiri kuma ya nuna rashin hankali. Kuma cewa ya bayyana a wani takamaiman dandamali: x86, wanda Intel suka ɗauki biredin kuma sun san yadda ake sanyawa da kawar da abokan hamayya (Cyrix, Transmeta, da dai sauransu kamar yadda suka faɗa). Sauran dandamali sun ɓace saboda kawai x86 da yanayin halittar da yake samarwa a kusa da shi sun fi shahara kuma sun ƙare bawan su; kuma ARM ba haka bane, har sai da ya buga ƙusa a kai tare da kasuwar waya ta yau. Kuma idan Linux ba ta sani ba ko ba ta iya sanya kanta a wannan lokacin ba, ba don BIOS ta hana shigarta ba.
A zahiri, ga masu amfani da gida, bai kasance ba sai lokacin da Windows XP ya fara Microsoft ya fara yin mummunan aiki tare da ɓangaren rumbun kwamfutarka (ba BIOS ba), yana karya daidaituwa tare da masu ɗora kaya da yawa kamar yadda zai iya. ciwon kai ga waɗanda suke son samun OS fiye da ɗaya a kan injinsu.
UEFI da amintaccen takalminsa, eh babu makawa cewa ya amfanar da Microsoft kawai kuma ya cutar da kowa. Amma abubuwa kamar yadda suke: BIOS bai hana ta wata hanya ba, kuma bai cutar da sauran tsarin aiki ba daga sanya su a kan PC din daga tarin, kuma Linux ba ta fara cutar da shigarwar gida ba har sai bayyanar Windows-95 ta dawo a cikin 1996, a takaice, yana da shekaru goma tare da halaye iri ɗaya kamar na MS-DOS ko DR-DOS ko OS / 2; har ma fiye da Windows XP, matsalar ba ta BIOS ba ce ba tare da Intel ba ko tare da dandamali na x86, amma tare da Microsoft da munanan ayyukansa na musamman.
Taya murna a kan labarin, kyakkyawan bayani. Zai ƙare isowa kamar yadda aka saba a Desktop.
Madalla da fatan ranar da zaku iya siyan sabuwar ƙungiya. ya zo tare da LinuxBoot ba tare da BIOS ko UEFI ba kuma mafi ƙarancin SecureBoot wanda ya kamata a kira shi "MicrosoftBoot" xD
Kyakkyawan labari, bayanai masu ban sha'awa kuma sama da duk mai ƙarfafawa, Linux yana ci gaba da samun nasarori.
Linux Ya Lashe
UEFI da ASUS, ciwon kai mai ƙarfi yayin son girka Ubuntu ... ya ɗauke ni awanni da yawa