Maitiro ekugadzirisa hard drive

Mune Nyaya yapfuura takataura nezve maitiro ekugadzirisa BIOS ane chekuita nenyaya. Mune izvi tichatarisa pane chimwe chikamu icho, kunyangwe chisina kukosha, chakakosha kuwana zvakanyanya kubva mukombuta yedu. Zvino tinoona maitiro ekugadzirisa hard drive uchishandisa yemahara software uye yakavhurika sosi zvishandiso.

Basa reiyo hard disk ndeye bvumira kuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza huwandu hwakawanda hweruzivo. Kazhinji, chengetedzo iyoyo ndeyekusingaperi (kusvikira isu tasarudza nekuzvida kuidzima). Pamusoro pezvo, inodyidzana neiyo RAM painofanirwa kuchengetedza ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura yainogona kuchengeta, ichiita senzvimbo yekuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi.

Maitiro ekugadzirisa hard drive

Kuti tizive nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko, tinofanira kutanga tanzwisisa maitiro avo uye, nokuda kweizvi, tinofanira kuziva kuumbwa uye kushanda kweiyo hard disk drive.

Mukati mebhokisi rehermetic tinowana maviri akasiyaniswa zvikamu:

• Seti yemagetsi uye ma mechanical components Inotarisira nzira dzekuchengetedza uye kutora data.
• Murwi wemadhisiki anozivikanwa sendiro. Mapuratifomu anochengeta ruzivo mune magineti pamativi ese ekumusoro nepasi muzvikamu zvidiki zvinogona kuita magineti kana kuti demagnetized zvinomiririra 1 kana 0 muchikamu chimwe cheruzivo.

Hard drive kushanda

Kune musoro wekuverenga nekunyora kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo, kureva kuti, nhamba yemisoro ichave yakapetwa kaviri nhamba yehwendefa. Kushandisa ruoko rwemuchina misoro inofamba mutsara kubva kunze ichienda mukati. Panguva imwe cheteyo, murwi wemaplateti unotenderera nokumhanya kusingachinji mashoko ari kunyorwa kana kuverengwa. Kana chimwe chinhu chichizoverengwa kana kunyorwa, misoro inopinda munzvimbo uye inomirira kuti dhisiki itenderere kusvikira musoro unoenderana uchikwira pamwe nenzvimbo yedata yakatsvakwa kana nenzvimbo yakapihwa kuti ichengetedze.

Chimwe nechimwe chezviso zvezviso zvakakamurwa kuita denderedzwa dzakadzika dzinodaidzwa kuti tracks.. Matuki anogara panzvimbo imwechete pamadhisiki ese ari mustaki anonzi macylinders. Matuki akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinova chikamu chidiki cheruzivo chinogona kunyorerwa kudhisiki.

Kuti tizive musoro, chikamu uye silinda tinofanira kuyeuka kuti misoro nemasilinda anotanga kuverengerwa kubva ku zero uye zvikamu kubva kune imwe. Kureva kuti chikamu chekutanga cheiyo hard disk ndiyo inoenderana nemusoro 0, cylinder 0 uye chikamu 1.

Nekudaro, Linux (Uye mamwe masisitimu anoshanda) havashande nezvikamu zvemuviri, asi pachinzvimbo vanoshandisa software-based partitions inozivikanwa sezvikamu. Mukuita, zvikamu zvinoshanda sekunge zvakaparadzana zvigadziriso.

Mukati mechikamu chega chega, zvirimo zvakarongwa kuva zvimiro zvehierarchical zvinozivikanwa sedhairekitori.. Kunyange zvikamu zvakagadziriswa muhukuru uye zvichitora masilinda akabatikana, madhairekitori anogona kushandura izvi uye kupararira chero pachikamu. Mukati meiyo imwechete disk unit panogona kuve nefaira system kune yega yega partition iyo ichave inosungirwa kune izvo zviri mukati meumwe neumwe wavo.

Kusiyana pakati peGPT neMBR

Kukwanisa kunyora kana kuverenga imwe data, dhiraivha inofanira kunge iine chikamu chimwe chete uye nzvimbo yekuwana ruzivo pamusoro pezvikamu zvose zviripo, kwadzinotangira nekugumira uye kuti ndeupi wavo ndiye anotanga sisitimu yekushandisa paanobatidza komputa.

Vaviri varipo nzira dzekuchengetedza ruzivo irworwo: Master Boot Record (MBR) uye GUID Partition Tafura (GPT)

MBR ndiyo nzira yekare. Inosanganisira yakakosha boot sector iri pakutanga kwekutyaira. Pamusoro peruzivo nezve partitions iyo drive ine iyo bootloader kuti, kana paine inodarika imwe sisitimu yekushandisa yakaiswa, sarudza kuti ndeipi yekutanga nayo.

MBR inogona kungoshanda nemadhiraivha anosvika ku2TB uye mana ekutanga partitions kana matatu epuraimari uye imwe yakawedzera kupatsanurwa iyo inogona kupatsanurwazve kuita zvikamu zvine musoro.

NeGPT, chikamu chega chega chinopihwa "chiziviso chakasiyana chepasi rose". GPT haina miganhu yedhiraivha huwandu kana nhamba yezvikamu zveMBRChero zvazvingave, izvo zvinogumira zviripo zvichave izvo zvinoiswa neiyo inoshanda sisitimu.

Imwe mukana weGPT ndeyekuti kusiyana neMBR, iyo inochengeta kugovera uye bhutsu data pakutanga kwedhiraivha, inoichengeta mumakopi akawanda mukati mekutyaira.. Pamusoro pezvo, inoona matambudziko ekuvimbika kwe data nekutarisa cyclic redundancy cheki kukosha. Muchiitiko chekutsvaga kukanganisa, edza kuvadzosera kubva kune imwe nzvimbo pane diski.

Matambudziko akajairika uye maitiro ekuagadzirisa muLinux

Kazhinji tinogona kuwana 4 marudzi ematambudziko:

• Key data deletion: Izvi zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemushandisi kunodzima izvo zvisingafanirwe kudzimwa kana nekuda kwebugs musoftware inoshandiswa.
• Virusi chiito: Kunyangwe Linux iine mvumo system inoita kuti isanyanya kunetseka kupfuura mamwe masisitimu anoshanda, hapana nzira yekuchengetedza inogona kupona kusagona kwemushandisi. Zvese zvinotora kushanyira webhusaiti yakakanganiswa yeiyo malware kuti iwane chero yakabatana madhiraivha uye kukanganisa data.
• Bad sectors pane hard drive: Muchiitiko ichi chinogona kunge chiri nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekugadzira kana kukuvadzwa kwemuviri kunogadzirwa panguva yekubata.

Dzimwe nzira dzatinogona kuona matambudziko ekutyaira nguva isati yakwana ndeidzi:

Iwo dd command

Nemurairo uyu tinogona kuyera kumhanya kwetaipa. Kune izvi tinovhura iyo terminal uye tinyore:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test1.img bs=1G count=1 oflag=dsync

Zvinokwanisika kuyera latency nemurairo:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test2.img bs=512 count=1000 oflag=dsync

Iyo fsck Command

Uyu murairo unotanga kushandiswa kuti inokutendera kuti utarise dhatabhesi yefaira uchitsvaga uye kuyedza kugadzirisa zvikanganiso. Mukuwedzera, inogadzira chirevo chemigumisiro. Kana iyo system ikavhara zvisingatarisirwi, fsck inomhanya otomatiki.

Kuti tishandise murairo uyu tinofanira kuona chikamu chatinoda kuongorora. Tinozviita nemurairo:

sudo fdisk -l

Kana tangoziva chikamu chakatsvagwa, tinofanira kucherechedza chiziviso chacho. Izvi zvinotora fomu /dev/sdx* apo x itsamba inotanga nea yekutanga dhiraivha uye * nhamba inotanga na 1 yechikamu chekutanga.
Kuti tiite ongororo, isu tinotanga kudzikisa chikamu nemurairo
umount /dev/sdX*
uye tobva tatanga murairo ne:
fsck /dev/sdX*

Kana tichida kutarisa chikwata chakakwana, tinonyora mirairo yakafanana, asi tisingatauri nhamba yekuparadzanisa.

Kuti utarise kupatsanurwa kwazvino, iwe unofanirwa kuzviita kubva pakumisikidza midhiya kana kubva kune iyo bootloader yekununura modhi.

Mabadlocks anoraira

Uyu murairo tsvaga zvikamu zvakaipa uye chengetedza ruzivo mune text file.

Iwo kuraira kuri seinotevera:

sudo badblocks -v /dev/sdX*> ~/sectores_dañados.txt

Iyo e2fsck Command

Ichi ndicho kuona kukanganisa uye kuraira kwekugadzirisa zvakanangana neExt mafaira masisitimu.

sudo e2fsck -cfpv /dev/sdX*

Murairo wecfv unoti:

• c Saka chirongwa chinofanira kuwana mabhuroki akaipa uye woawedzera pane rondedzero.
• f iyo inofanirwawo kuitwa faira system cheki.
• p kuti unofanira kuedza kugadzirisa mabhuroko akaipa.
• v iyo inofanirwa kuratidzwa mune yekupedzisira maitiro emhedzisiro.

e2fsck uye badlocks zvinogona kusanganiswa nekuita kuti wekutanga averenge rondedzero yezvikanganiso zvakaonekwa nevekupedzisira.

sudo e2fsck -l bad_sectors.txt /dev/sdX*

The test disk command

TestDisk ndiyo chishandiso chakadzimwa chekudzorera data nemaune, netsaona kana nehutsinye. Mhedzisiro yacho haisi nguva dzose yakakwana uye mafaera haadzore mazita awo ekutanga, saka isu tinofanirwa kuongorora chimwe nechimwe kuti tiwane zvatiri kutsvaga.

Tisati tatanga kuishandisa, isu tinofanirwa kuimisa tichishandisa package maneja wekugovera kwedu. Kana yangoiswa tinotangisa chirongwa nekuraira

testdisk

Patinoita izvi tichaona sarudzo nhatu:

1. Dza a log file
2. Wedzera Rumwe ruzivo kune rwakaunganidzwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura.
3. usanyoresa ruzivo.

Tevere, isu tinosarudza iyo unit yatinoda kuongorora necursor tobva taenda kune rairo yekuenderera mberi uye tinya Enter. Mumasikirini anotevera tinoratidza rudzi rwetafura yekuparadzanisa uye maitiro ekudzoreredza. Pakupedzisira, tinosarudza chikamu.

Kupedzisa tinoenda kudhairekitori uko faira rakadzimwa raive, tinoimaka, tinodzvanya C kuti titange kudzoreredza uyezve nzvimbo iyo ichachengetwa.

Mizhinji yemirairo iyi inogona kushandiswa neiyo graphical interface. Semuenzaniso, muGNOME isu tine application gparted inowanikwa mumatura uye seLinux kugovera iyo inogona kushandiswa muLive mode. Iyo KDE desktop ine zvakare yayo yekugovera editing chishandiso.

Kune rumwe rutivi, kune mamwe ekubhadhara kudzoreredza mhinduro. Zvisinei, hapana anovimbisa mhedzisiro yakakwana saka zvakanakisa kuve nemakopi akawanda emafaira akakosha zvose munzvimbo uye mugore.