Share shakku tare da wannan keɓaɓɓen zane: wanne rarraba Linux don amfani?

A lokuta da dama kuna yi wa kanku tambaya iri ɗaya: wanda Linux rarraba don amfani, ko wanda Linux distro zabi. To, wani abu da ke haifar da shakku musamman a cikin sababbin masu shigowa duniyar GNU/Linux, amma kuma a cikin wasu waɗanda suka ɗan jima kuma sun gaji da distro guda ɗaya kuma suka yanke shawarar gwada wani daban.

A cikin wannan labarin, ya danganta da bukatun ku, zaku iya bincika wane rarraba GNU/Linux yakamata ku zaɓa. Koyaya, kamar yadda koyaushe nake faɗi, mafi kyawun shine wanda kuka fi jin daɗi kuma kuna son mafi. Mun riga mun yi labarai da yawa akan mafi kyawun distros, amma wannan lokacin zai zama wani abu daban-daban, wani abu mai mahimmanci da fahimta, tun da zan raba wasu sauki zane wanda zai kai ku zuwa tsarin aiki na gaba, ban da koyon wasu sharuɗɗan zaɓi:

Ma'auni don zaɓar rarraba Linux

Don taimaka muku da zaɓin tsarin aiki na gaba ko rarraba Linux, ga waɗannan mafi mahimmancin ma'aunin zaɓi:

• ManufarMa'auni na farko da za a halarta yayin zabar rarraba Linux mai dacewa shine dalilin da za a yi amfani da shi.
  • Janar: yawancin masu amfani suna son shi don amfani da yawa, wato, don komai, duka don kunna multimedia, da software na ofis, kewayawa, wasannin bidiyo, da sauransu. Don waɗannan dalilai sune mafi yawan rabawa, kamar Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint, Fedora, openSUSE, da dai sauransu.
  • Kai tsaye/Gwaje-gwajeLura: Idan kawai kuna son gudanar da distro don gwaji ko yin ɗan kulawa akan kwamfuta ba tare da sanyawa ko canza sassan ba, mafi kyawun faren ku shine wanda ke da LiveDVD ko Yanayin USB na Live don gudana daga babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Kuna da da yawa kamar Ubuntu, Knoppix, Slack, Finnix, RescaTux, Clonecilla Live, da sauransu. Waɗannan biyun na ƙarshe don yin ganewar asali da gyarawa.
  • Musamman: Wata yuwuwar ita ce kuna buƙatar distro don takamaiman takamaiman amfani, kamar don haɓakawa, don injiniyanci ko gine-gine, don muhallin ilimi, pentesting ko duban tsaro, wasan caca da wasan retro, da sauransu. Kuma don wannan kuna da wasu na musamman kamar Kali Linux, Ubuntu Studio, SteamOS, Lakka, Batocera Linux, DebianEdu, EskoleLinux, Sugar, KanOS, da sauransu. Informationarin bayani a nan.
  • m- Wasu distros suna ba da damar babban matakin keɓancewa, kamar Gentoo, Slackware, Arch Linux, da sauransu. Amma idan kuna son ci gaba da yin distro naku daga karce, ba tare da dogaro da kanku ba, kuna iya amfani da su lfs.
• Nau'in mai amfani: akwai nau'ikan masu amfani da yawa ta fuskar ilimi, kamar masu farawa ko sabbin shiga duniyar GNU/Linux, ko waɗanda suka ci gaba, da kuma waɗanda suka ci gaba waɗanda ke neman abu ɗaya da masu farawa, mai sauƙi, distro mai aiki, tare da. dacewa mai kyau , kuma hakan yana ba su damar yin aikinsu ba tare da rikitarwa ba kuma a cikin hanyar da ta dace.
  • Farawa: Don masu farawa akwai distros masu sauƙi kamar Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Zorin OS, Manjaro, MX Linux, Pop!_OS, elementaryOS, Solus OS, da sauransu.
  • Na ci gaba: Sauran distros ga waɗannan masu amfani sune Gentoo, Slackware, Arch Linux, da sauransu.
• Muhalli: Wani abin da ya kamata ka yi tunani a kai kafin zabar rarraba shi ne irin yanayin da za a yi da shi, tun da akwai distros da suka fi dacewa da waɗannan wuraren fiye da sauran.
  • Desk: don amfani akan PC a gida ko ofis, cibiyar ilimi, da sauransu, zaku iya amfani da distros kamar openSUSE, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, da ƙari mai yawa.
  • Mobile: Akwai takamaiman distros don na'urorin hannu, kamar Tizen, LuneOS, Ubuntu Touch, postmarketOS, Mobian, da sauransu.
  • Server/HPC: a wannan yanayin ya kamata su kasance amintacce, masu ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali, da kuma samun kayan aikin gudanarwa masu kyau. Wasu shahararrun misalan sune RHEL, SLES, Ubuntu Server, Debian, Liberty Linux, AlmaLinux, Rocky Linux, Oracle Linux, da sauransu.
  • Cloud/Virtualization: don waɗannan sauran lokuta kuna da Debian, Ubuntu Server, RHEL, SLES, Cloud Linux, RancherOS, Clear Linux, da dai sauransu.
  • saka: na'urori irin su smart TVs, routers, wasu kayan aikin gida, motoci, injinan masana'antu, robots, IoT, da dai sauransu, kuma suna buƙatar tsarin aiki kamar WebOS, Tizen, Android Auto, Raspbian OS, Ubuntu Core, Meego, OpenWRT, uClinux, da dai sauransu.
• Jagora: Mafi yawan masu amfani, musamman masu amfani da gida, ba sa buƙatar tallafi. Lokacin da matsaloli suka taso ko je wurin wanda ke da masaniya a kan batun ko kawai bincika dandalin tattaunawa ko hanyar sadarwar don samun mafita. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin kamfanoni, da sauran sassan, ya zama dole a sami tallafi don magance matsalolin.
  • Community: Waɗannan distros yawanci kyauta ne, amma ba su da tallafin haɓakawa.
  • darajar kasuwanci: Wasu suna da kyauta, amma dole ne ku biya don tallafi. Zai kasance kamfanin da kansa ne ke da alhakin bayar da tallafi. Misali, Red Hat, SUSE, Oracle, Canonical, da sauransu.
• Kwanciyar hankali: dangane da abin da za ku yi amfani da shi, idan kuna buƙatar samun sabbin labarai a farashin ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali, ko kuma idan kun fi son wani abu mafi tsayayye da ƙarfi ko da ba ku da sabon abu, kuna iya zaɓar tsakanin:
  • Haɓaka/gyara: Kuna iya samun nau'ikan ci gaba na kernel da wasu distros, da sauran fakitin software da yawa. Suna iya zama mai kyau don gwada sabbin fasalolin, gyara kurakurai, ko taimakawa ci gaba ta hanyar ba da rahoton kwari. A gefe guda, ya kamata a guji waɗannan nau'ikan idan abin da kuke nema shine kwanciyar hankali.
  • Stable:
    • Daidaitaccen Saki: Versions suna fitowa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, gabaɗaya yana iya zama kowane watanni 6 ko kowace shekara, kuma ana sabunta su har sai zuwan babban sigar na gaba. Suna ba da kwanciyar hankali kuma ita ce hanyar da yawancin sanannun distros suka ɗauka.
      • LTS (Taimakon Dogon Lokaci): duka kernel da distros da kansu suna da su a wasu lokuta nau'ikan LTS, wato, za su sami masu kula da su ci gaba da fitar da sabuntawa da facin tsaro a cikin dogon lokaci (5, 10 shekaru ...), koda kuwa an riga an samu. sauran nau'ikan sabbin samuwa.
    • Mirgina Saki: maimakon ƙaddamar da juzu'ai na kan lokaci waɗanda ke sake rubutawa na baya, wannan ƙirar tana ƙaddamar da sabuntawa akai-akai. Wannan ɗayan zaɓin yana ba ku damar samun sabon abu, amma ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kamar na baya.
• Gine-gine:
  • IA-32/AMD64: Tsohon kuma ana san shi da x86-32 kuma na ƙarshe a matsayin EM64T ta Intel, ko x86-64 ƙari. Ya ƙunshi na'urori na Intel da AMD, da sauransu, na sabbin tsararraki waɗanda kernel Linux ke da tallafi na musamman, tunda shine ya fi yaɗuwa.
  • Saukewa: ARM32/ARM64: Na biyu kuma ana kiransa da AArch64. Wadannan gine-ginen na'urorin hannu ne, masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa, Smart TVs, SBCs, har ma da sabar da manyan kwamfutoci, saboda babban aiki da inganci. Linux kuma yana da kyakkyawan tallafi a gare su.
  • RISC-V: An haifi wannan ISA kwanan nan, kuma buɗaɗɗen tushe ne. Kadan kadan yana samun mahimmanci, kuma yana zama barazana ga x86 da ARM. Kernel na Linux shine farkon wanda ya sami tallafi gareshi.
  • WUTA: Wannan sauran gine-ginen ya shahara sosai a duniyar HPC, a cikin kwakwalwan IBM. Hakanan zaku sami kernels na Linux don wannan gine-gine.
  • wasu: Tabbas, akwai wasu gine-gine da yawa waɗanda kernel ɗin Linux shima ya dace da su (PPC, SPARC, AVR32, MIPS, SuperH, DLX, z/Architecture…), kodayake waɗannan ba gama gari bane a duniyar PC ko HPC.
• Taimakon kayan aiki: Wasu daga cikin waɗanda ke da mafi kyawun tallafin kayan aikin su ne Ubuntu, Fedora, da sauran shahararrun, gami da waɗanda aka samo daga gare su. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu waɗanda suka haɗa da direbobi masu kyauta da masu mallakar mallaka, wasu kuma kawai na farko, don haka aikinsu da aikinsu na iya zama ɗan iyakancewa. A gefe guda, koyaushe akwai matsalar ko distro ya yi nauyi sosai ko ya watsar da tallafin 32-bit don yin aiki akan tsofaffi ko injunan takurawa kayan aiki.
  • Direbobi:
    • Free: Yawancin direbobi masu buɗewa suna aiki sosai, kodayake a kusan dukkanin lokuta sun fi na rufaffiyar tushen. Distros waɗanda kawai suka haɗa waɗannan sune 100% kyauta waɗanda na ambata daga baya.
    • Masu mallaka: A cikin yanayin 'yan wasa, ko don wasu amfani inda ya zama dole don cire matsakaicin daga kayan aiki, yana da kyau a zabi masu mallakar, har ma fiye da haka idan yazo da GPU.
  • haske distros: Akwai rabawa da yawa da aka ƙera don tallafawa tsofaffin kwamfutoci ko waɗanda ke da iyakacin albarkatu. Waɗannan yawanci suna da yanayin tebur mai haske waɗanda na ambata daga baya. Misalai sune: Puppy Linux, Linux Lite, Lubuntu, Bodhi Linux, Tiny Core Linux, antX, da sauransu.
• Tallafin software da software da aka riga aka shigar: Idan kuna neman mafi kyawun tallafin software, kasancewa shirye-shirye na kowane nau'i ko wasanni na bidiyo, mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mashahurin distros dangane da DEB da RPM, kodayake zai fi dacewa tsohon ya fi kyau. Tare da zuwan fakiti na duniya yana taimakawa masu haɓakawa don isa ga ƙarin distros, amma har yanzu ba a yi amfani da su kamar yadda ya kamata ba. A gefe guda, yana yiwuwa kuma kuna buƙatar cikakken tsari, tare da kusan dukkanin software da aka riga aka shigar, ko kuma idan kuna son mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi sauƙi tsarin.
  • Ƙananan: Akwai ƙananan distros da yawa ko waɗanda ke da yuwuwar zazzage hotunan ISO tare da tsarin tushe kuma babu wani abu, don ku iya ƙara fakitin da kuke buƙata don son ku.
  • Kammalawa: Zaɓin da aka fi so shine cikakken ISOs, don haka ba lallai ne ku damu da shigar da komai daga karce ba, amma kuna da adadin fakiti masu yawa daga farkon lokacin da kuka shigar da distro.
• Tsaro da keɓantawa / sirri: Idan kun damu da tsaro, rashin sanin suna ko sirri, ya kamata ku sani cewa ya kamata ku zaɓi distro wanda ya shahara sosai gwargwadon yiwuwa, kuma tare da mafi kyawun tallafi, don samun sabbin facin tsaro. Dangane da rashin sanin suna/keɓantawa, akwai waɗanda aka tsara musamman don hakan idan kuna so.
  • Al'ada: Shahararrun distros kamar openSUSE, Linux Mint, Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Fedora, CentOS, da dai sauransu, suna da babban tallafi da sabunta tsaro, kodayake ba a mai da hankali kan tsaro, sirri / sirri.
  • Makamai: akwai wasu da ke da ƙarin aikin ƙarfafawa ko waɗanda ke mutunta sirrin mai amfani a matsayin muhimmiyar ƙa'ida. Wasu misalan da kuka riga kuka sani, kamar TAILS, Qubes OS, Whonix, da sauransu.
• Fara tsarin: Kamar yadda ka sani, wannan wani abu ne da ya raba masu amfani da yawa da masu gudanar da tsarin tsakanin waɗanda suka fi son tsarin init mafi sauƙi kuma na gargajiya, kamar SysV init, ko kuma na zamani da babba kamar systemd.
  • Classic (SysV init): yawancin distros sun yi amfani da su, kodayake a zamanin yau kusan dukkaninsu sun koma tsarin zamani. Daga cikin fa'idodinsa shine ya fi sauƙi da sauƙi, kodayake shi ma ya tsufa kuma ba a tsara shi ba a lokacin don tsarin aiki na zamani. Wasu da har yanzu suke amfani da wannan tsarin sune Devuan, Alpine Linux, Void Linux, Slackware, Gentoo, da dai sauransu.
  • Na zamani (Tsarin): Ya fi nauyi kuma yana rufe fiye da na gargajiya, amma shine wanda yawancin distros suka zaba ta tsohuwa. Ya fi dacewa a haɗa shi cikin tsarin zamani, yana da kayan aikin gudanarwa da yawa waɗanda ke sa aiki ya fi sauƙi. A kansa, watakila, yana da wannan asarar falsafar Unix idan aka yi la'akari da sarkarsa, da kuma amfani da rajistan ayyukan binary maimakon rubutu mara kyau, kodayake akwai kowane irin ra'ayi akan wannan ...
  • wasu: Akwai wasu ƙananan shahararrun hanyoyin kamar runit, GNU Sherped, Upstart, OpenRC, busy-box init, da dai sauransu.
• Fassara na ado da yanayin tebur: Ko da yake za ka iya shigar da yanayin tebur da kake so a kowace rarraba, gaskiya ne cewa yawancin su sun riga sun zo da yanayin tebur na asali. Zaɓin wanda ya dace ba kawai batun kayan ado ba ne, amma har ma da amfani, gyare-gyare, aiki har ma da aiki.
  • GNOME: dangane da dakunan karatu na GTK, shi ne yanayin da ake mulki, wanda aka fi fadada shi a cikin mafi mahimmancin rabawa. An mayar da hankali kan kasancewa mai sauƙi da sauƙi don amfani, tare da babbar al'umma, ko da yake yana da nauyi dangane da amfani da albarkatu. Bugu da ƙari, ya kuma haifar da abubuwan da aka samo asali (Pantheon, Unity Shell ...).
  • KDE Plasma: bisa laburare Qt, shi ne sauran babban aikin dangane da tebur, kuma ana siffanta shi da yadda ake iya daidaita shi da kuma, kwanan nan, ta hanyar aikinsa, tun da yake "ya yi hasara" da yawa, yana la'akari da kansa haske (yana amfani da shi). ƴan albarkatun kayan masarufi), da kamanninsa, ƙarfinsa, da yuwuwar amfani da widget din. A kan shi, watakila ana iya lura cewa ba shi da sauƙi kamar GNOME. Kamar GNOME, abubuwan haɓaka kamar TDE, da sauransu kuma sun bayyana.
  • MATE: Yana ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran cokali na GNOME wanda ya zama. Yana da ingantaccen albarkatu, kyakkyawa, zamani, mai sauƙi, Windows Desktop-kamar, kuma ba a iya canzawa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
  • kirfa: Hakanan yana dogara ne akan GNOME, tare da sauƙi mai ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa, da kuma kasancewa mai sassauƙa, extensible da sauri. Wataƙila a gefen mara kyau kuna da buƙatar amfani da gata don wasu ayyuka.
  • LXDE: bisa GTK kuma yanayi ne mai haske, wanda aka tsara don cinye albarkatun kaɗan. Yana da sauri, aiki kuma tare da kyan gani. A gefen ƙasa yana da wasu iyakoki idan aka kwatanta da mafi girman mahalli, da kuma cewa ba shi da nasa manajan taga.
  • LXQt: dangane da Qt, kuma yana fitowa daga LXDE, kuma yanayi ne mai sauƙi, na zamani da aiki. Kama da na baya, kodayake kuma yana iya zama ɗan sauƙi a matakin gani.
  • Xfce: dangane da GTK, ɗayan mafi kyawun mahalli mara nauyi tare da na baya biyu. Ya yi fice don kyawunta, sauƙi, kwanciyar hankali, daidaitawa da daidaitawa. Kamar madadinsa, yana iya samun iyakancewa ga wasu masu amfani da ke neman wani abu mafi zamani.
  • wasu: akwai wasu, ko da yake su ƴan tsiraru ne, Budgie, Deepin, Enlightenment, CDE, Sugar, da dai sauransu.
• Manajan kunshin: duka don batutuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa, idan kun saba amfani da ɗaya ko wani manajan fakiti, kuma saboda dalilai masu dacewa, ya danganta da nau'in binary ɗin da software ɗin da zaku yi amfani da shi akai-akai ke kunshe, yakamata ku kuma yi la'akari da zaɓar madaidaicin distro.
  • tushen DEB: su ne mafi rinjayen godiya ga Debian, Ubuntu da yawancin abubuwan da suka samo asali da suka zama sananne sosai, don haka idan kuna son samun mafi girma na binaries, wannan shine mafi kyawun zaɓi.
  • tushen RPM: Haka kuma akwai fakiti da yawa irin wannan nau'in, kodayake ba da yawa ba, tun da distros kamar buɗe, Fedora, da sauransu, kuma ba su kai miliyoyin masu amfani ba kamar waɗanda suka gabata.
  • wasu: Hakanan akwai wasu masu sarrafa fakitin tsiraru kamar Arch Linux's pacman, Portage Gentoo, Slackware's pkg, da sauransu. A wannan yanayin, yawanci ba a sami software da yawa a waje da wurin ajiyar kayan aiki na hukuma. Abin farin ciki, fakiti na duniya kamar AppImage, Snap, ko FlatPak sun sanya shi kunshin don duk GNU/Linux distros.
• ka'idoji/da'a: Yana nufin idan kawai kuna son tsarin aiki mai aiki, ko kuma idan kuna neman wani abu bisa ka'idoji ko ka'idoji.
  • Al'ada: Yawancin distros sun haɗa da software na kyauta da na mallaka a cikin wuraren ajiyar su, da kuma na'urorin mallakar mallaka a cikin kwaya. Ta wannan hanyar za ku sami firmware da direbobi masu mallakar mallaka idan kuna buƙatar shi, ko wasu abubuwa kamar codecs na mallaka don multimedia, ɓoyewa, da sauransu.
  • 100% kyauta: su ne distros waɗanda suka cire duk waɗannan rufaffiyar tushen daga wuraren ajiyar su, har ma da amfani da GNU Linux Libre kernel, ba tare da binary blobs ba. Wasu misalai sune Guix, Pure OS, Trisquel GNU/Linux, Protean OS, da sauransu.
• Shaida: A wasu lokuta na musamman, yana iya zama mahimmanci cewa rarraba GNU/Linux ya mutunta wasu ƙa'idodi ko samun wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai masu dacewa ko don a iya amfani da su a wasu cibiyoyi.
  • Babu takardar shaidar: duk sauran distros. Ko da yake mafi yawan sun yarda da POSIX, wasu kuma sun dace da LSB, FHS, da dai sauransu. Misali, akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki kamar Linux Void, NixOS, GoboLinux, da sauransu, waɗanda suka saba wa wasu ƙa'idodi.
  • tare da takardar shaida: Wasu suna da takaddun shaida kamar na The Open Group, kamar:
    • Inspur K-UX wani distro na tushen Linux ne na Red Hat Enterprise wanda ya sami damar yin rijista azaman UNIX.®, ko da yake a halin yanzu an yi watsi da shi.
    • Hakanan zaka sami wasu tare da wasu takaddun shaida, kamar SUSE Linux Enterprise Server da IBM Tivoli Directory Serve tare da LDAP Certified V2 takardar shedar.
    • Tsarin aiki na Huawei EulerOS, wanda ya dogara da CentOS, shima UNIX 03 Standard ne mai rijista.

Zane-zane don zaɓar OS

Wannan zane ya zo mani ta hanyar wani abokina wanda ya ba ni shi, kuma na yanke shawarar samun ƙarin kuma in raba shi don taimakawa adadi mai kyau na masu amfani da buƙatu daban-daban. Y sakamakon tattara jadawali shine wannan:

Kuna zuwa daga OS daban?

Ka tuna haka ne Kwanan nan kun sauka a duniyar GNU/Linux kuma kun zo daga wasu tsarin aiki daban-daban, Hakanan zaka iya ganin waɗannan jagororin da na yi don taimaka maka a cikin zaɓin distro na farko da kuma lokacin daidaitawar ku:

• Jagora ga masu amfani da ke fitowa daga Microsoft Windows
• Jagora ga masu amfani da ke fitowa daga duniyar macOS
• Idan kun fito google android duniya, kuma ba tare da samun PC a da ba, ko daga Chromebook, Ina ba ku shawara ku zaɓi ChromeOS, Android x86 (Firayim Minista, Hadin gwiwar OS, Bliss OSda sauransu), CloudReadyko Chromium OS.
• Ga waɗanda ke zuwa daga tsarin kamar FreeBSD ko wasu * BSDs, Solaris, da sauransu, bai kamata ku sami matsala ta jigilar kaya ba, kodayake kuna iya jin daɗi akan distros kamar Gentoo o Slackware. Ko wataƙila ɗaukar mataki na tsakiya tsakanin BSD da GNU/Linux tare da distros kamar Debian GNU / kFreeBSD, Da dai sauransu

A cikin wadannan hanyoyin za ku samu Wadanne rabo ne mafi kyau a gare ku., tare da mahallin abokantaka kwatankwacin abin da kuka yi amfani da su a baya...